卷 22, 编号 2 (2025)

The aim of the work is to determine new data on the intravital anatomy of the spleen using computed tomography in patients depending on gender. The computed tomographic anatomy and topography of the spleen were studied based on the analysis of computed tomograms in 110 patients. The morphometric parameters of the spleen were assessed: thickness, diameter, craniocaudal length, splenic index, volume. The shortest distances from the spleen to the midline of the body were determined. It was found that the morphometric parameters of the spleen in men prevailed, compared with similar parameters in women, as well as the average value of the distance from the spleen to the midline of the body. The new data obtained on the intravital anatomy and topography of the spleen can be useful for choosing the optimal approach in operations on the spleen.

The article provides a review of the literature on the use of bacteriophages in dentistry. The main directions of scientific research and problems of phage therapy are identified, the results of the use of bacteriophages for the treatment of patients with inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial region, periodontal diseases and oral mucosa diseases, for the prevention of dental caries and the elimination of endodontic infection are reflected.

This review highlights and systematizes knowledge about the features of the structure and functional properties of the dura mater. Modern ideas about embryogenesis, structure, innervation, blood supply, lymphatic system, age-related features of the dura mater are extremely important for specialists in the field of neurosurgery, neurology, oncology, as well as traumatology and rehabilitation.

Objective: To determine typical patterns of linear dimensions of the human facial skull with different shapes of the cerebral skull using the “fan method” based on spiral computed tomography (MSCT) data. Material and methods: MSCT of 121 people of both sexes aged 20 to 88 years with different shapes of the cerebral skull was studied. X-ray computed tomography was performed on a multislice spiral X-ray computed tomograph ““Brilliance 64 Slice” at the Department of Magnetic Resonance and X-ray Computed Tomography of Rostov State Medical University for suspected vascular pathology of the brain. Results: When determining the shape of the facial skull in the study group using MSCT, the following distribution was revealed: brachycranes make up 49 % (n = 59), mesocranes – 33 % (n = 40) and dolichocranes – 18 % (n = 22). Conclusions: As a result of the study, typical patterns of the linear dimensions of the facial skull with different shapes of the cranial skull were identified. The data of multispiral computed tomography allow the most accurate assessment of the difference between the sizes of the bone structures of the skull on both sides.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex disease with a multifactorial aetiology, the development of which is influenced by a number of factors, primarily alterations in the body’s antioxidant system. Currently, there is a lack of clearly regulated therapeutic approaches for the management of this condition. Purpose of the study: was to investigate the effect of pharmacotherapy on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, the level of FGF21 in the serum of patients with NAFLD, as well as to establish the degree of correlation between these indicators and biochemical markers of pathology development. Materials and methods: Thirty-five patients aged between 32 and 79 years with NAFLD were examined. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase was determined spectrophotometrically. The content of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was determined by means of an enzyme immunoassay. Results: The study indicated that the pharmacotherapy intervention resulted in alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as marker indicators of hepatocytes cytolysis and oxidative status, demonstrating a shift towards control values. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest a substantial correlation between the activities of antioxidant enzymes, the level of FGF21, and biochemical markers of pathology in patients with NAFLD. The results of the present study serve to further emphasise the significant importance of the oxidative status of the organism in mediating the therapeutic efficacy.

To improve the practice of use antimicrobial drugs (AMD) it is necessary to conduct point prevalence surveys with a certain frequency, draw up an individual plan for correcting deficiencies and monitor the effectiveness of implemented measures. Materials and methods: Global Point Prevalence Survey (Global-PPS) was conducted on September-December 2021 in three hospitals in Kaliningrad. Were studied the class of AMD, the empirical or targeted use of antimicrobials, the compliance of the prescription with the results of microbiological research and clinical recommendations. Results: AMD was received by 43.7 % of patients. The most frequently prescribed class of AMD was cephalosporins of the third generation. The most frequent biomarkers of bacterial infection were C-reactive protein and blood leukocytosis. From 0 to 8.5 % of patients received an antimicrobial drug as a targeted therapy. The medical records do not always contain a justification for the prescription of AMD, and there is often no documentation of the timing of cancellation/change of AMD.

The relevance of the work is determined by contradictory information about the location of the occlusal plane in the structure of the skull and in the differences in the use of landmarks for its construction. The aim of the work was to develop a method for constructing an occlusal line on a lateral teleradiograph during physiological occlusion. To achieve the goal, a retrospective analysis of 126 archival teleradiographs of patients with physiological occlusion was carried out. The vertical dimensions of the face were estimated by the size of the nasal complex between the points “n-sn” in comparison with the intermaxillary distance “sn-sm”. An occlusal line connected the anterior (vPOcP) and posterior (hPOcP) occlusal points. The analysis of the position of the joint was evaluated by the point “Cond” located at the top of the articular head. As a result of an analytical study of lateral teleradiographs of people with physiological occlusion, a method for constructing an occlusal plane (line) was developed, based on determining the vertical dimensions of the face, the location of the articular head in the structure of the skull and the mutual arrangement of geometric diagnostic figures of the craniofacial complex. A distinctive feature of the proposed method was the construction of the articular circle, which, from our point of view, is the center of the biomechanics of the lower jaw. The parallelism of the occlusal plane with the line drawn from the mandibular landmark of the anterior surface of the lower jaw tangentially to the articular circle allows its use in clinical practice as a guideline for predicting the prosthetic plane in distally unbounded defects of the dental arches in the lateral segments.

Well-known diagnostic approaches to assessing the severity of pneumonia in clinical practice in COVID-19 did not significantly affect the reduction in the number of patients with severe disease and mortality, and along with the general clinical picture, diagnostic and laboratory visualization of it plays an important role. The aim of the study was to optimize the diagnosis of the severity of pneumonia in COVID-19. A clear dependence of the concentration of ferritin, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in patients was revealed and established, depending on the severity of pneumonia in COVID-19. Based on the data obtained, a score assessment of the severity of pneumonia has been developed, which allows early initiation of intensive therapy for severe pneumonia, as well as rationally distribute the flows of hospitalized patients in the hospital according to the severity of pneumonia, thereby increasing the number of patients with a favorable outcome of pneumonia in COVID-19.

The anabolic orientation of the metabolic restructuring vector during pregnancy is usually characterized as a «physiological metabolic syndrome». In some women, these changes lead to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which causes obstetric complications and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. It is of considerable interest to study the processes of intersystem integration in women at the pre-gestation stage, taking into account the lateral constitution that determines the nature of regulatory processes. Aim: Identification of the features of intersystem integration between various parts of the hormonal system, psycho-emotional status and blood system in women planning pregnancy, depending on the nature of the lateral behavioral profile of asymmetries. Materials and methods: Design is an observational, multicenter, prospective-retrospective, uncontrolled, non-blinded study. The lateral behavioral profile of asymmetries was determined using the Annette test, situational and personal anxiety using the Spielberger-Khanin test, hormone levels in the blood using enzyme immunoassay, hemogram and coagulogram parameters. Results: The highest incidence of GDM was recorded with an ambilateral behavioral profile of asymmetries. The prerequisites for the «disruption» of carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy are a weakening of intersystemic integration (a decrease in correlations between indicators of hormonal and psychoemotional status, as well as the blood system) at the pregravidar stage. These disorders develop against the background of a decrease in the coefficient of interhemispheric asymmetry in women with ALP and with greater activity of the right hemispheric exchange-associated brain structures in this lateral subgroup. Conclusion: The results of the study expand the understanding of the mechanisms of intersystem integration in women at the pregravidar stage, depending on the lateral phenotype, and allow us to consider the ambidextral lateral phenotype as a risk factor for developing gestational diabetes mellitus.

We analyzed the results of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in 105 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (105 eyes) associated with pigment dispersion syndrome, aged 18 to 54 years. After each stage of SLT there was a decrease in the degree of trabecular pigmentation, which was characterized by a significant increase in the value of the relative lightness index (Lightness index). As the degree of trabecula pigmentation decreased after each stage of SLT, a higher level of laser pulse energy was required: from 0.3 mJ at sharply pronounced pigmentation to 0.8 mJ at weak degree of trabecula pigmentation. The weak degree of trabecula pigmentation was noted at Lightness index values over 75 % and was characterized by reliable and maximal improvement of the index of intraocular fluid outflow ease.

The article discusses morphological changes in bronchopulmonary lymph nodes in coronavirus infection with COVID-19. Macroscopic and microscopic changes were analyzed, and morphometric parameters of normal lymph nodes and changes caused by the new coronavirus infection were compared. Pathogenetic mechanisms affecting the structure of lymph nodes are discussed. During the study, it was found that in response to the viral lesion of SARS-CoV-2, activation of the lymph nodes occurs, accompanied by changes in their structure. Patients with COVID-19 show signs of hyperplasia, infiltration by lymphocytes and destruction of follicles, which may indicate a violation of the normal functioning of the immune system.

Introduction: Insufficient effectiveness of existing methods of ulcerative colitis treatment determines the need to introduce new methods of its therapy. The drug melaxen, the active substance of which is melatonin, has a unique set of pharmacological effects, which determines the prospects for its use in the ulcerative colitis treatment. Aim of the study: the investigation of melaxen effect on clinical and morphological manifestations of ulcerative colitis in mice. Materials and methods: Ulcerative colitis in mice was simulated by replacing drinking water with a 5 % solution of dextran sodium sulfate for 5 days. Results. A decrease in the disease activity index, the prevalence of ulcers and infiltrates in the colonic wal, a decrease in pathological shortening of the colon in mice with ulcerative colitis treated with melaxen were shown. Conclusion: The effect of melaxen was higher than one of the reference drug sulfasalazine, which was manifested by a decrease in pathological shortening of the colon.

The classic vegetative manifestations of stress are involutional changes in the thymus, the appearance of ulcerative formations in the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex. Active research is underway to find stress-protective substances among neuropeptides. Our focus is on the peptide neurotransmitter oxytocin. The study was conducted on 70 male Wistar rats. The stress load was simulated for 24 hours and 15 minutes before the stress exposure, the animals received substances: group B – saline solution; group C – oxytocin. Laparotomy was performed to extract the thymus, adrenal glands, spleen, and stomach to determine the severity of classical stress symptoms. The study demonstrated that intranasal administration of oxytocin has a positive effect on all stress marker organs during various observed periods. It has been established that after prolonged immobilization stress.

The article presents the results of monitoring cases of critical obstetric conditions (COC) in accordance with the Regulations for monitoring COC in the Russian Federation (RF), obtained on the basis of the analysis of the COC Registry data of the vertically integrated medical information system for the profiles of “Obstetrics and Gynecology” (VIMIS “AKiNEO”), as well as the results of the audit of 591 near miss cases caused by severe obstetric complications in women without a fatal outcome, identified by organ dysfunction groups, based on the diagnostic criteria of WHO (2011) from among COC cases. The analysis was conducted in order to find ways to reduce and prevent maternal mortality in the Volgograd region. The characteristics of COC groups registered in medical organizations of Volgograd and the Volgograd region of I, II, III levels of obstetric and gynecological profile are presented. In the structure of CAS, the following groups prevailed: “obstetric pathology”, “extragenital pathology” and “septic complications”. The greatest number of CAS cases was registered in the “extragenital pathology” group. The analysis identified the main nosologies leading to the development of CAS. Based on the results of this analysis, it is possible to determine the main ways of preventing and reducing the incidence of near miss cases and maternal mortality based on improving the modern model of internal quality control of medical care in maternity institutions, audit of near miss cases, as well as the introduction into practice of both medical and organizational-methodological, including telecommunication and other technologies aimed at improving professional competencies. Thus, monitoring of CAS cases and audit of near miss cases allows for a detailed assessment of the nature and quality of medical care in order to improve pregnancy outcomes.

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate changes in orienting and exploratory activity, anxiety level, eating and drinking behavior of female rats at different times after immunomodulation. Materials and methods: The experiments were performed on 22 female Wistar rats. Immunomodulation was carried out with the preparation Immunophan, which was administered subcutaneously on the 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11th days of observation. Behavioral studies in the elevated plus maze, as well as measurement of the amount of feed and liquid consumed were carried out on the 1, 13 and 26th days. Testing in the open field was carried out on the 2, 14t and 27th days. Results: Immunofan administration is accompanied by the formation of anxiety-like behavior in rats in relatively early terms, but by a decrease in anxiety at the late stage of observation. Animals receiving Immunofan are characterized by an increase in exploratory activity and suppression of eating behavior by the end of the experiments.

Introduction: Articaine-based local anesthetics are widely used for pain relief in children under 4 years of age. However, the use of these drugs is not regulated by official documents due to insufficient clinical data. Materials and methods: 126 children aged 1–4 years were examined for dental caries and its complications. A comparative clinical analysis of the effectiveness of local anesthetics based on Articaine and Lidocaine during dental treatment was performed. Results: A number of advantages of using Articaine in children 1–4 years old are shown, the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of this drug in comparison with analogues are considered. Practical tests based on the pain scale have been developed that make it easy to determine the degree of sensitivity to pain and the depth of local anesthesia at a dental appointment in children 1–4 years old. Conclusion: A higher efficiency of using Articaine-based drugs (Ultracaine, Articaine) as a local anesthetic at a dental appointment in children under 4 years of age compared with Lidocaine has been demonstrated.

Relevance: The problem of choosing a method of surgical treatment of an odontogenic cyst of the jaw of inflammatory origin is due to the need to create conditions for the further growth and development of the maxillary system in children and adolescents. The purpose of the study: to analyze the results of treatment of children with this pathology using a modified and generally accepted method of cystostomy. Materials and methods: A prospective randomized study was performed in two parallel groups of 66 children from 6 to 14 years old who were diagnosed with an odontogenic inflammatory cyst from a temporary tooth. Group 1 patients were treated with a modified cystostomy method, and group 2 children were operated on using conventional cystostomy. The data obtained were processed using methods of variational statistics. Results: A favorable course of the postoperative period was observed in a significantly larger number of patients, (85,29 ± 6,08) %. A good intermediate and long-term result prevailed in group 1 (82,35 ± 6,53) and (85,25 ± 6,08) % respectively. Conclusion: The proposed modified cystostomy technique can be considered as the method of choice for surgical treatment of odontogenic inflammatory cyst of the jaw associated with a temporary tooth in children, with a bone cavity size not exceeding 3.5 cm in diameter.