Том 11, № 2 (2021)

Objective. The article aims to identify the impact of the pandemic (COVID-19) on the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Program. The program contains an attempt to coordinate the actions of the world community in the fight against global problems. The important aspects of human activity is agricultural land use. Experts believe that modern land use leads to even more pollution of the environment. The anthropogenic factor increases its influence. Population growth requires the intensification of agriculture to solve the problem of hunger on Earth. But, intensive forms of agricultural land use lead to a violation of the eco-balance. Methodology. The authors employ a systemic interdisciplinary approach, in the perspective to economy and political science, and drawing from discourse, context, and semantic analysis. The main data sources include, among many others, UN FAO and the Russian Statistics Service. Results. As a universal shock, the COVID-19 pandemic affected the agreements by the global elite. Treaties and arrangements aimed at sustainable global development turned counterproductive, with the viral and some other challenges drastically reducing the levels of cooperation. The pandemic has shifted the focus of national governments into playing ahead of the curve, and these actions are set to continue hindering the efficiency of solving worldwide problems. The authors argue that the global elite should apply some effort to streamlining such negative externalities. Scientific novelty. The authors substantiate their assumptions of the impossibility of solving the issue of anthropogenic influence if not connected with forecasted levels of population and life support technologies, an integral part being political agendas set by national governments.

The purpose of the study is to determine the formal and informal practices of resolving conflicts between the Russian Federation and Ukraine over the use of the Black Sea water area. In this article, the author analyzed the problems of organizational forms for the settlement of Russian-Ukrainian claims over the Black Sea. The article assesses the effectiveness of the use of old institutions and the search vector for new non-institutional forms. The author substantiates his conclusions on the example of an armed incident near the Kerch Strait in 2018. Results. Against the background of the low institutional development of bilateral relations, the Russian Federation actually fulfilled certain requirements of Ukraine, which did not refuse to consider complaints and claims in international instances. Russian-Ukrainian conflicts are institutionalized and rationalized. Since there is no reciprocal initiative of the Russian authorities, Ukraine insists on holding forced negotiations on the basis of the current UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. This is hampered by the current bilateral Treaty between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on cooperation in the use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait in 2003.

The article reveals the problems of ensuring food independence of Russia, studies a wide range of social, demographic, environmental and economic factors that are influenced by food security, which is central to the national security system. The experience of the People’s Republic of China in ensuring food security has been studied. It is revealed that the violation of safety in the production cycle of food products and raw materials in some countries in the context of globalization affects consumers in other countries. The main factors of globalization of the food products and services market are revealed. The animal husbandry industry has been studied (since 1915), it is shown that the animal husbandry industry is the locomotive of the development of the agricultural industry. It was recommended to increase the production of agricultural raw materials and foodstuffs, at the same time to integrate into the world food market from the standpoint of food exporters.

The article actualizes the problem of the parity of politics and economics, especially when, in modern conditions, countries and continents are experiencing global economic and epidemiological shocks. The author comes to the conclusion that in the future world the effectiveness of the state will be determined by: The perfection of relations between government, business and society; the degree of controllability of society; the speed and adequacy of the reaction of the political system to the demands and support for resolving key problems and countering the challenges and threats facing the state. The purpose of the study is to identify by means of political science analysis of positive experience in the formation and implementation of socio-political projects aimed at ensuring the optimal way to achieve the desired values and needs obtained at the exit from the political system. Achieved results: The causal relationships of politics and economics as fundamental components of life have been determined; a comprehensive political science study of the impact of digitalization on the processes of interaction and interdependence of politics and economics was carried out; revealed the specifics of the relationship between economics and politics.

The article deals with the issues of financing of domestic health care. In the context of historical development, the way of formation and development of public health in Russia is shown. Based on statistical data, it is established that the situation with the financing of health care does not meet all its needs, and the annual cost of medicine per person is twice less than in the least developed European countries. A comparative analysis of the ways of financing health care in European countries is carried out, as a result of which the positive and negative aspects are highlighted in the budget model of health care, inherent in England and Sweden, and the insurance model used in most other European countries. Separately, the features of financing Russian medicine, which is expressed in the multi-channel budget-insurance model, are considered. The disadvantages of this type of financing are noted. Data on the lack of investments in healthcare, as well as the reasons for this, are presented. Investment risks in the healthcare sector are highlighted. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of the current legislation in the field under consideration and scientific publications containing different points of view on the problem under study. General scientific methods of analysis and synthesis were used, as well as such special disciplinary methods as formal-legal, comparative-legal and historical. Conclusions. The most important task facing the industry is to increase investment activity, which can only be solved by creating favorable conditions for private investors, since taking into account the systematic economic crises and political pressure, public funds for medicine are clearly not enough. But it is necessary to solve the issues of creating favorable conditions for attracting investment in the healthcare sector by changing the system of financing domestic medicine.

The purpose of the study. The article is devoted to historical and legal issues of the development of local self-government in Russia. Approaches to the definition of local self-government are presented. Theories of local self-government that influenced the development of local self-government in the evolution of Russian statehood are being studied. The development of local self-government in Russia is being considered, especially the organization and prospects for the further development of the institution of local self-government within the framework of public power of the Russian state are being shown. The purpose of the study is to study the development of local self-government in historical and co-legal development in Russia. The article uses dialectical, isotorical, formal-legal, logical, comparative-legal and other methods of knowledge. Conclusions. Local self-government at all times of its historical development in Russia was a key factor in the development of democracy and the prospects for the participation of each member of the municipal community in the management of its territory. The totality of all forms of citizen’s participation in making publicly significant decisions will ensure the achievement of the main goal - independent and accountable management of all local affairs. The modern development of local development in Russia would be even more effective if we studied the history of its formation and actively used the positive experience gained.

Statement of the problem. According to philosophy, the origin, development, functioning and structural construction of any phenomenon are based on their own objective patterns. The legal system, as well as other existing phenomena, has the corresponding patterns. Study of the patterns is the main task, the ultimate goal of any science, including the criminal law. Since in the patterns content of law is revealed most deeply, they directly express the essence of law, the internal logic of legal reality. Insofar as it is impossible to ensure the adequacy, consistency and stability of criminal legislation, if we do not take into account the laws of criminal law. However, for the effective functioning of criminal law, it is necessary to take into account not only the specific patterns of criminal law itself, but, first of all, to ensure compliance of criminal law regulation with the mechanism of action of objective laws in protected spheres of public relations, as well as to take into account the social and psychological laws of the mechanism of criminal law impact. Objectives of the article. This article is devoted to the analysis of patterns of varying degrees of generality, operating in criminal law. Conclusions. In the course of the study, we have identified and formulated the patterns of the criminal law system that consists of special, general legal, social, systemic and universal patterns.

The author aims to conduct a study of the criminological characteristics of such a negative social phenomenon as cyber gambling. This social phenomenon was not chosen by chance as the object of research, it represents the most negative of all forms of addiction to computer games (including gambling). The purpose of the article: To reveal the concept of cybergambling from the standpoint of criminology, to highlight its main features, to identify the social groups most susceptible to this form of addiction. Methodology and methods: for the purposes of this article, the author has applied a wide range of general and specific scientific research methods. Including, along with analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, were used the comparative legal method, as well as the method of interpreting legal norms. Conclusions: summarizing the causes and conditions of negative social consequences arising from gambling addiction, the author identifies several groups of determinants and reveals their essence. As a result of the study, conclusions and general recommendations are formulated to eliminate the causes and conditions for committing crimes related to illegal gambling.

The article deals with the problems of using digital technologies in the law-making process in the Russian Federation. The main areas of application of digital technologies are analyzed depending on the subjects of lawmaking. The aim of the study is to identify the features of the use of digital technologies depending on the types of lawmaking activities. This is necessary to determine the main directions of the use of digital technologies in law-making work, to develop recommendations for optimizing their use. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that digital technologies are not yet sufficiently used in the law-making sphere, their potential and opportunities have not been revealed. It is advisable to use digital technologies depending on the types and subjects of lawmaking. Digital codes, algorithms will take into account the peculiarities of lawmaking work, depending on the stages of the lawmaking process. The main directions of the use of digital technologies in the lawmaking of state bodies of the Russian Federation and officials are highlighted; local government bodies; lawmaking by way of a referendum; local lawmaking. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that digital technologies are not yet sufficiently used in the law-making sphere, their potential and opportunities have not been revealed. It is advisable to use digital technologies depending on the types and subjects of lawmaking. Digital codes, algorithms will take into account the peculiarities of lawmaking work, depending on the stages of the lawmaking process. The main directions of the use of digital technologies in the lawmaking of state bodies of the Russian Federation and officials are highlighted; local government bodies; lawmaking by way of a referendum; local lawmaking. The author comes to the conclusion about the creation of guidelines, other regulations governing the procedure and procedures for the use of digital technologies in the law-making process. It is necessary to make changes to the legislative system by creating normative acts regulating the legal and technical aspects of the law-making process. Digital technologies will make it possible to improve the procedure for conducting expert examinations of draft normative acts; determine the volume of regulations that need to be systematized; reduce the burden on subjects of legal and authentic interpretation. It is possible to create electronic dictionaries of legal terms, with the help of which the correctness of the use of terminology in draft regulations and current regulations will be checked. Digital technologies will make it possible to shorten the time for the adoption of regulatory legal acts, to optimize the law-making process.

The article is devoted to the analysis of some aspects of missionary activity of the Catholic Church on the Western Territory of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Being a natural and necessary process from Christianity’s point of view, missionary work, solved one of the most important tasks - to attract new supporters to the Christian church. Missionary work of the Catholic Church was quite successful and effective in XIX-XX centuries and the Orthodox Church and Russian government recognized this fact. However, on the territory of Russia, missionary work was available and officially allowed only to the Orthodox Church, which was the predominant and dominant in the territory of the Russian Empire according to the legislation of the 19th century. Recognizing the effectiveness of the influence of Catholic priests on the Orthodox population of Russia, the spiritual and state authorities have developed measures aimed at strengthening the role of Orthodoxy and weakening the influence of non-Orthodox confessions, in particular, the Catholic one, on the territory of the Russian Empire. First of all, it was about the Western Territory, which remained under the strong influence of the Catholic Church after accession of territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Proselytism of the Catholic Church on the territory of the Russian Empire was directed not only at the Orthodox population of the Western Territory, but also at Uniatism, which was considered by Catholics and the Orthodox Church as a transitional stage for the adoption of Catholicism.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the anthropological aspects of the concept of religio used in the well-known legacy of Marcus Tullius Cicero. Cicero’s contribution to the development of philosophical understanding of various aspects of human society is generally recognized, but one of the most valuable “pearls”, which is highly valued by modern researchers, is his analysis of the Latin word religio, which is found in his works more than 600 times. In our opinion, an important aspect of Cicero’s reflections on religion is the consideration of his literary and philosophical heritage in the context of the crucial historical and political processes that took place in the Roman Republic in the first century BC, similar to the challenges facing the modern Russian and international community. The article attempts to comprehend the Latin lexemes superstitio and sacrum, which are close in meaning to the concept of religio, which allows us more accurately to explicate this concept from its related definitions. The results of the study. Cicero draws a clear line between the concepts of religio (internal and external sincere piety), sacrum (Roman state understanding of shrines) and superstitio (false beliefs). He identifies the following main functions in the concept of religio: Ideological (uniting people on the basis of pious beliefs in common gods), ideological (everything in the world happens with the permission of the gods as the foundations of the “higher order of nature”) and socio-managerial (universal values that govern the behavior of an individual in society).