Vol 13, No 3 (2023)

The article discusses the features of the operation of the main gates of spillway structures during the operation of the HPP. As it is known, the main spillway gates are installed at the outlet of the spillway openings into the downstream of the hydroelectric power station. The gates serve to block the openings of the spillway structure, which is opened to discharge water into a flood, as well as in the event of a disaster with an overlying hydroelectric power plant, thereby ensuring reliable operation of the entire water supply path of the hydroelectric power plant. Using the example of the Zhigulevskaya HPP, during the operation of the gates of the spillway structures, stresses in the gate structures, vibrations of the gate elements and the magnitude of the forces in the gate rod during lifting and lowering operations were determined, which made it possible to identify defects in their operation and determine recommendations for their elimination. In addition, the article discusses the results of the study of vibrations of the supporting structure of the gates of the hydroelectric power plant, which could be obtained only after identifying the features of the main gates on the spillway structures during the operation of the hydropower plant. Regarding the nature and origin of the measured oscillations, it can be said that it is not possible to give a clear explanation of the causes and physical nature of the gate oscillations at the HPP, therefore, the article considers two cases as a result of which periodic undamped gate oscillations may occur. Since it has been established that the periodic undamped oscillations registered on the gate could only be caused by a periodic disturbing force, the cause of such oscillations may be the periodic separation of vortices from the lower face of the gate. As a result, the analysis of the study of vibrations, the supporting structure of the shutter showed that the main disturbing forces for the shutter could be: pulsation of the flow pressure on the upper and lower surfaces of the shutter; dynamic forces arising when the vortices are detached from the lower face of the shutter when water flows out from under it. The article provides recommendations for avoiding vibration of the shutter in subsequent periods of operation.

The main design errors during the overhaul of the heating system of apartment buildings on the example of a 5-storey building made of expanded clay concrete panels are considered and analyzed. A comparative analysis of the values of the heat transfer resistance of external walls obtained by calculation and based on the results of experimental data is performed. Based on the obtained values of the heat transfer resistance of the exterior walls, the calculation of the heat losses of the building was performed. As a result of the identified shortcomings, the amount of thermal energy that the residents of the surveyed house located on the territory of the city of Samara did not receive was calculated.

The object of the study is an improved design of a reinforced concrete floor crossbar as part of a prefabricated frame of a residential building. The crossbar has a reduced height with undercuts in the support zones, which in combination with modified prefabricated multi-hollow plates allows you to perform the lower surface of the overlap without protruding ribs. This solution allows you to use precast reinforced concrete with all its advantages and compete with monolithic reinforced concrete girderless frames. To ensure the strength of inclined sections to the action of transverse force and bending moment, cage using rigid inserts made of sheet steel are used as transverse reinforcement. The results of the tests showed that the developed crossbar meets the stated requirements for both the first and the second group of limit states (strength, stiffness, crack resistance). Transverse reinforcement in the form of cages with rigid inserts made of sheet steel provides the required bearing capacity of inclined sections. The test confirmed the reliable joint work of concrete and rigid inserts from the beginning of loading to the ultimate state of strength.

Purpose: It consists in carrying out a comparative analysis of the values of the characteristics of the hydraulic potential of metal pipelines used in assessing the energy consumption of pumping units installed on pipelines with different thickness of the layer of internal deposits.

Methods: The reasons for changing the values of hydraulic characteristics of metal pipelines during their operation are developed in tabular form. A concrete example shows the change in the values of the characteristics of the hydraulic potential of pipes with different thickness of the layer of internal deposits included in the calculated dependence for determining the actual energy consumption of pumping units.

Results: It is proposed to develop for the entire range of manufactured steel pipes and pipes made of gray cast iron, a scale of maximum permissible values of the thickness of the layer of internal deposits, according to which a decision should be made to continue or stop the operation of pipe wires.
Conclusion: To recommend, based on the hydraulic calculation of the characteristics of the hydraulic potential of pipes for the given example, minimizing the use of steel and cast iron pipes made of gray cast iron in projects of water supply and drainage networks. When operating metal pipelines, take into account the dynamics of changes in the energy consumption of pumping units with different thickness of the layer of internal deposits.

The article formulates the problem of considering screenings of stone crushing as a component factor in the formation of the structure of conglomerate building composites. In this context, data are presented on the study of screenings from the Soksky, Ivanteevsky and Orsky quarries for the enrichment of the Volga sands for construction work. At the same time, the influence on the strength of the mortar matrix of concrete of various combinations of screenings with river quartz Volga sand is considered. The conducted studies have shown the effectiveness of the use of stone crushing screenings as a fine aggregate in the production of reinforced concrete products. The use of crushed stone screenings is a justified technological method and allows improving the strength characteristics of the materials obtained on their basis. At the same time, this work requires additional scientific research and development of optimal ratios of aggregates and identification of the effect of various additives on their characteristics.

Hydraulic drive of construction machines and mechanisms used in technological construction processes is increasingly being used in the construction industry. This is due to the small weight and small overall dimensions per unit of drive power, insignificant inertia of moving parts, good dynamic characteristics, ease of reversing, smooth running, durability of mechanisms due to self-lubricity, simplicity and reliability of operation. The reliability of the hydraulic drive of construction machines is largely determined by the effectiveness of the lubrication system of contactless seals of movable joints. The stability of characteristics, efficiency and safety of operation of mechanisms and hydraulic drive, in particular, depends on the quality of lubrication of sliding surfaces. In order to improve the quality and durability of the hydraulic drive for a certain range of plunger diameters and pressure drops in hydraulic units, the most rational means of combating dry friction forces is a slit non-contact seal.

To assess the quality of the environment on the territory of the ferrous metallurgy enterprise, the operation of oil-containing waste processing tanks was monitored for six years, followed by purification from aromatic hydrocarbons and mineral oil aerosols. Air (gas) sampling was carried out to study the amount of pollutants. In the studied samples, increased concentrations of benzene, xylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, mineral oil were found. Measurements of gas performance at the inlet and outlet of the gas cleaning plant were also performed. The temperature of the purified gas was measured; the consumption of water (solution) for irrigation was measured. The study period is from 2015 to 2020. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained, a continuous release of pollutants into the atmosphere was found. To reduce the concentration of air pollutants, measures have been proposed to increase the efficiency of the gas cleaning plant.

A modern historical city is a complex spatial formation where the past is connected with the present. Preserving the uniqueness of this phenomenon for the future becomes the most important task. The article is devoted to the search for methods of studying the image of the city in the process of its historical development. The city is presented as a combination of figurative zones, territories with a recognizable character. On the basis of functional and compositional analysis, the figurative zones of the historical center of Saratov, its main components and the dynamics of their development over time are determined. The proposed concept of "figurative zone" can become the basis for creating a methodology for studying the visual image of a historical city.

This paper outlines the methodological priorities for delimitating the “Circumbaltian space” as a unique geospatial form, namely: the geospatial approach, constructive modeling, the geohistorical paradigm, and the geotory concept. Based on the above, along with the theoretical and methodological ideas and algorithmic proposals outlined by the author in earlier works, as well as the regulatory prerequisites for delimitating the outer core of the Baltic naval civilization, the paper sets its land, water, and air boundaries. The author designs a three-step methodology for ranking coastal spaces and describes the basic land and water contact structure of the Baltic for urban planning purposes. The paper also draws legally compliant generalized boundaries of the “Circumbaltian space” and designs a basic digital model of this geospatial form.

The article discusses the first objects of dynamic architecture: from mobile, collapsible elementary mobile housing units of nomadic peoples to the first simplest mechanisms of sliding bridges of medieval castles, which served as an impetus for the emergence of a new style of architecture of the future - dynamic architecture. The origins of dynamic architecture originated at the time of the birth of the first civilizations. With the passage of time and the development of technology, the objects of dynamic architecture have undergone a functional purpose, appearance and element of dynamics. The possibilities of practical application of dynamic architecture have increased in the modern world, thanks to scientific and technological progress and dynamic lifestyle, which has led to changes in all spheres of human activity, including architecture.

The article is devoted to the early period of architectural oeuvre of Swiss architects. It was at this time that Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron developed their own approach to design, which becomes the object of study in this work. The article describes the origins of the conceptual thinking of architects, establishes the role of the urban, educational and cultural environment in the formation of architectural ideas and professional tools. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of the concepts in the architectural projects of Herzog and de Meuron, individual methods and techniques that architects used in the design of small objects, the reduction of plastic language, the invention of the envelope and material texture. Eleven examples are considered, which are today recognized monuments of contemporary architecture, in which the unique contribution of architects to the development of discipline and profession was most clearly manifested.   

The article examines the state of modern social infrastructure in the regional aspect on the example of the Orel region. A new system of indicators for assessing the living environment has been developed, based on the principle of satisfying rational human needs through the functions of the city. Based on the obtained statistical data on demographic and socio-economic indicators of the region, a correlation and regression analysis of dependent and independent variables was performed, the results of which are the basis for selecting the most important mutually influencing factors and building statistical models based on them. The revealed patterns can serve as a means of supporting decision-making to improve the quality of life of the population and manage demographic processes in an urbanized area.

In the second half of 2021, companies around the world decided to make a massive digital transition into the virtual space. The development of metaverse poses a lot of questions for the society, but so far, few people think about how the appearance and structures of cities will change if the majority of residents go into virtual reality. The article discusses the latest trends and directions in society and science, which is known to us as the metaverse, attempts to discuss this trend and its connection with architecture and urban planning through scientific literature, their analysis and the actual stage of development of this trend.

The purpose of study is to provide a basic understanding of the metaverse and its application analyses to cities at this stage.

The tasks of the study are: definition and understanding of the metaverse and its working systems; application of this direction/trend in cities; reveal the main advantage and disadvantage of using this direction for cities. To achieve the proposed result, it is necessary to use the method of analysis of scientific literature and documents related to the metaverse concept and its application in cities to reach and form conclusions. This study concluded in studying the latest direction and application of metaverse in urban planning and identifying some of its advantages and disadvantages.

The scientific novelty of the study lies in the study and application of the metaverse concept in cities and the identification of its main advantages and disadvantages. The author emphasizes that this direction does not actually reconstruct cities, but on the contrary, a new function of reality appears in the city that people want to see and, as a result, should make cities more livable.