Vol 8, No 4 (2008)

The review of literature and proper data devoted to pharmacology of peptide drugs. The classification of peptide drugs was described. ln the experiments, the comparative central effects of polypeptide drugs cortexin and cerebrolysin in dose range 1 µg, 10 µg and 100 µg were studied in Wistar rats after their administration into the cerebral ventriculi and in dose 1 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Both drugs induced moderate psychoactivating action, cortexin being more effective compared with cerebrolysin. This phenomenon was registered in all methods studied: open field, elevated plus-maze, intruder-resident, self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. lt is suggested that cortexin and cerebrolysin have the same mode of action, but cortexin was more effective than cerebrolysin. The difference in intravernticular and intraperitoneal effects of drugs was that in the first case both drugs possessed anxiolytic actition, and in the second case the anxigenic effect was registered. Perhaps, the central anxiolytic effect of drugs was associated with nonspecific action of polypeptides following their administration into brain ventriculi. Besides, at the second part of investigatiuons, the Wistar rat pups in age of 4 days were injected intraperitoneally with corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), activating stress system, or heat shock proteins 70 kDa (HSP-70), intracellular shaperons, possessing antistress properties. ln adult rats of 90-100 days old, the effects of nootropics noopept and coгtexin (1 mg/kg i.p.) were assessed. The activation of stress or antistress systems with CRH or HSP-70 respectively changed the drugs effects significantly. These effects were different in males and in females and depended on animal gender. The spectrum of pharmacological activity of noopept and cortexin changed. Noopept demonstrated preferable psychoactivating and antiaggressive effects but cortexin showed mild antiolytic and antidepressant activity. lt is suggested that behavioral effects of nootropics depends on condition of the formation of stress system in early ontogeny.

There had been shown the effects of cardiac glycosides strophanthin-G, digoxin and corglycon in concentrations from 10^-12 up to 10^-6 М on sodium, calcium and potassium ionic currents in isolated neurones (Lymnaea stagnalis) using method of endocellular dialysis and fixing membranes potential. We observed convertible and slightly dose-dependent effects. ln low concentrations (10^-12 - 10^-11М) all substances increased all ionic currents up to 5%, in high concentrations there had been observed amplitude suppression. The most prominent suppression of ionic current (up 45% above control) was detected under the influence of strophanthin on calcium currents, and (up to 26% above control) was detected under the influence of digoxin on sodium currents in concentration - 10^-6 М. The process of slow potassium currents inactivation was accelerated by corglycon and strophanthin in concentration – 10^-6 М. Digoxin caused shift of volt-amper maximum of ion current characteristics to the right on axis of potentials for 5-10 mV. Generally, strophanthin and digoxin, in comparison with corglycon, caused less activative and more supressive effect on membrane ion currents.

People exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation due to Chernobyl accident, nuclear bomb testing, occupational exposure (in total 370 persons) were investigated on the yield of unstable (conventional method) and stable (FISH method) chromosome aberrations in their lymphocytes. The correlation between the frequency of these aberrations and risk of various somatic diseases in given group was studied. For this whole people sample was subdivided in to the 2 groups - with "high" and "low" levels of investigated parameter values. ln group with the high level of unstable and stable chromosome aberrations the incidence of cardiovascular diseases were significantly increased as compared to the group with the low level of these chromosome damages. The prognostic possibilities of different types of cytogenetic endpoints is discussed.

Calpain is а system of Ca2+-activated neutral protease. Calpain is implicated in the pathophysiology of many disorders including multiply sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (ЕАЕ). At the present study, calpain expression at transcriptional levels was evaluated in splenic inflammatory cells and cells of spinal cord of Wistar rats with ЕАЕ prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. ln spleen of rats with ЕАЕ we established increasing m-and µ-calpain mRNA levels on the third day after induction of ЕАЕ comparison with normal control. Вy the 5^th day we have found out the decrease calpain level in comparison with third day. This level was the same as control group. However by the 7^th day calpain expression has been increased again. Calpain expression in spinal cords of animals with ЕАЕ was increased on day 3 and remained at а high level till 7^th day. These studies suggest calpain may play а role in the inflammatory response associated with ЕАЕ in the spleen as well as in CNS.

Epilepsy is а chronic disease, characterized among other symptoms also by the cognitive disorders. Known factors, influencing cognitive condition of the patient, are etiology, type of seizures and therapy. Valuation of cognitive state of patient is very important part of routine neurological investigation. We studied 22 patients diagnosed with epilepsy (14 women and 8 men), age from 18 to 59 years. Focal symptomatic epilepsy was diagnosed in 14 cases, cryptogenic epilepsy in 7 cases and 1 case was idiopathic generalized epilepsy. We used Mini-Mental State Examination and Frontal Assessment Battery tests to evaluate state of cognitive disorders in these patients. ln 40% of cases both tests results showed cognitive disorders on а level of mild cognitive dysfunction, or mild dementia. Mostly these disorders affected patients with а long history of disease (more than 18years long), which began in early childhood; absence of clinical effect of АЕР therapy also seemed to affect cognitive state. We conclude that even on early stage of АЕР therapy neurologist must consider the possibility to use medications with по negative effect on cognitive state. Also we recommend wider usage of tests on cognitive state (MMSE, FAB) in clinical diagnostic of epilepsy. Both methods are proved effective and reliable, and simple to use.

The aim of our study was to analyze mechanisms by which lung ventilation is compromised in settings of general and spinal anesthesia.

Methods: Forced oscillation technique and spirometry provided assessment of respiratory mechanics whereas measurement of both respiratory muscle strength and central output were obtained by occlusion technique (Рех, Pin and Р₁₀₀ respectively). Examination of respiratory function was performed in patients undergoing general (n=25) ог spinal (n=25) anesthesia for lower abdominal and limb surgery.

Results: lndex of P100 had not significantly changed in general anesthesia group. There was а short trend of decreasing of Р₁₀₀ in group of spinal anesthesia. There's а significant reduction of respiratory muscles strength after surgery under general anesthesia: preoperatively Pin 75,8±26,1 cm H₂O, Рех 112,5±39,4 cm H₂O and postoperatively Pin 57,8±31,7 cm Н₂O, Рех 61,7±31,3 cm H₂O, р<0,01. Only function of expiratory muscles was compromised in spinal anesthesia group. Вy the end of general anesthesia respiratory resistance (R5) increased by 32% in average. No change of respiratory resistance was observed after spinal anesthesia.

Conclusions: General anesthesia combined with surgical factors produces detrimental effect on respiratory system involving inspiratory and expiratory muscles as well as lung mechanics. Combination of spinal anesthesia with similar surgical factors has lesser impact limited by expiratory muscle dysfunction and slight weakening of central drive.

Attention to specialists is evaluation of various factors which сап affect the gastric cancer incidence and development of tumor processes. The possible contribution of social factors in development of gastric carcinogenesis is also underlined. We also evaluate the contribution of non-tumor gastric diseases as possibly necessary stage for further malignization within the stomach area. Some directions displayed which possibly could bе preventive measures against gastric cancer.

Performed analysis of treatment results in 91 (100%) patients (137 vertebras) with aggressive hemangiomas, who were treated in neurosurgery dept. of Military medical academy and radiology dept. of Russian Scientific Center of radiology and surgical technologies during period since 1999 till 2007. Percutaneus vertebroplasty performed on 40 vertebras, radiological treatment performed in 87 vertebras with aggressive hemangiomas.

Vertebroplasty is more effective in treatment of aggressive hemangiomas in comparison with radiotherapy. Vertebroplasty more 34,4-77,8% efficient in pain relief in comparison with base-level of 75,7% of patients, when local pain after radiotherapy decreases in 12,9-28,1% in 43,1% of patients.

The attributes of hemangiomas aggression, indications for operations, patients' management tactics were elaborated. Use of percutaneous vertebroplasty for treatment of aggressive hemangiomas results in fast patient recovery. This operation is low invasive, so it reduces the patients hospitalization period and the time necessary for their rehabilitation and social adaptation.