Vol 18, No 5 (2020)

The purpose of this review is a systematic analysis of data from clinical observations, international experience, and reviews related to the pathogenetic aspects of the impact of a new coronavirus infection on the blood system. Information was searched in MedLine, PubMed, and RSCI databases. A brief description of the etiological agent with a detailed analysis of the structure of this virus is given. The features and mechanisms of immunological shifts induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection are analyzed. Hematological and metabolic changes in the blood of COVID-19 patients are presented and described. The reaction of erythron to the development of a new coronavirus infection was evaluated from pathogenetic and clinical positions. In whole, the agent of a new coronavirus infection was shown in patients to have a multifaceted negative effect on the blood system, which is reflected in the dysfunction of the immune system (predominantly cellular) with the formation of a special syndrome termed as «cytokine storm», a hypercoagulable state until the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation, as well as reducing the absolute number of all formed elements of blood. Understanding the mechanisms of development of these shifts creates opportunities for delivering new technologies for targeted therapy.

Communities of microorganisms are a set of species that interact with each other and occupy the same niche where competitive or mutually beneficial relationships can occur. Biofilms are only one of many types of microbial communities, the study of which has become relevant in the last twenty years. A particular problem is the increase of antibiotic resistance of bacteria during their transition from a plankton lifestyle to a biofilm. The purpose of this review is to analyze current trends in the study of the mechanisms of biofilm formation, intercellular interaction in the formation of multicellular bacterial aggregates, primary adhesion, the relationship of bacteria in mature biofilms, the dispersion of them and distribution in the body. Data on the role of quorum sensing, G-proteins, and micro-RNA in the life cycle of biofilms are presented. The main components of the extracellular matrix are described at the molecular level, their production by microorganisms is presented. A separate chapter describes the results of the authors’ research on the development of effective probiotic bacteria capable to form biofilms on the walls of the colon mucosa. There is a proposed method for screening strains of potential probiotics as potential protectors and inhibitors of biofilm formation by competitive interaction with pathogens at the resulting adhesion sites.

Introduction. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs75555045 and rs12904699 were found in the own genome-wide allelotyping as possible new molecular genetic markers of sudden cardiac death (SCD). The results obtained in such studies require verification in the case-control studies using routine molecular genetic methods for eliminating false positive results. The aim of the study. Confirm the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms rs75555045 and rs12904699 with SCD. Methods. The SCD group (n=437, average age - 53,1±9,0 years, men - 73,5%, women - 26,5%) were formed from suddenly died individuals with pathological diagnoses «acute coronary insufficiency» and «acute circulatory failure». The control group formed of the MONICA and HAPIEE project participants alive at the time of the project (n=407, average age 53,3±9,0 years, men - 72,2%, women - 27,8%). DNA was isolated by phenol-chloroform extraction from myocardial tissue in the SCD group and venous blood in the control group. Genotyping was done by PCR-RFLP method. Results. No statistical significance was found in allele and genotype frequencies of rs75555045 between groups (p>0,05). In the SCD group the proportion of the AA genotype of rs12904699 is statistically significantly less (8,5%) than in the control group (13,8%) (OR=0,57, 95% CI: 0,36-0,89, p=0,014). In the subgroup of women died of SCD, the frequency of the GG genotype of rs12904699 was statistically significantly higher (61,1%) compared with the control group (46,8%) (OR=1,78, 95% CI 1,04-3,05, p=0,04). Conclusion. The association of rs75555045 with SCD has not been confirmed. rs12904699 associated with SCD: AA genotype is associated with a protective effect on SCD, GG genotype is associated with an increased risk of SCD in women.

Introduction. Successful embryonic development immediately after fertilization depends on the maternal messenger RNAs (mRNAs) destruction and zygotic genome transcription activation during maternal to zygotic transition (MZT). Key regulators of MZP are small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) - microRNAs and piwiRNAs. These molecules can be identified in embryo culture medium and used as a marker of embryo quality, blastulation ability, as well as its implantation potential. The aim this study. To analyze blastulation rate in embryos, which are one day behind in developmenT., according to microRNAs and piwiRNAs expression profile in their culture medium. Methods. The RT-PCR method was used for the quantitative analysis of microRNAs and piwiRNAs in 22 samples of embryo culture media obtained on day 4 after fertilization. Embryos included were one day behind in development and were at the 8-cells stage. The samples were divided into three groups according to morphological and functional characteristics of the embryos on day 6: group I - average/ excellent blastocysts (1 - 4AA, 1 - 4BB, 1 - 6BB, 1 - 3AA, 1 - 3BB), group II - poor quality blastocysts (3 - 4СС, 4 - 3СС, 1 - 2СС, 1 - 3ВС, and 1 - 4СВ) and group III - degraded embryos (7). Results. The culture media from embryos which degrade or become poor quality blastocysts on day 6 has almost the same level of microRNA let-7i-5p, but microRNA let-7i-5p expression level is statistically significantly higher in culture medium of the embryos which are capable to develop into average/excellent quality blastocyst. In culture media of embryos which develop into average/excellent quality blastocysT., the level of microRNA let-7b-5p and piwiRNA piR020401 is also statistically significantly higher then in culture media of degraded embryos and embryos which developed into bad quality blastocysts. Conclusion. The data obtained confirm the level of microRNA let-7b-5p, microRNA let-7i-5p and piwiRNA piR020401 to show embryo quality and development potential. Assessment of their expression level can be used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in selecting the best quality embryo.

Introduction. Based on current literature data, it is possible to assume that when exposed to glioma cells astrocytes, may undergo a reactive transformation. These glioma-conditioned astrocytes might create a permissive environment for tumorigenesis. The aim of the study. To investigate the effects of glioma cells on astrocytes in co-culture. Methods. In terms of the current work, we conducted a pairwise comparison of protein levels between C6 glioma cells, native rat astrocytes, and glioma-conditioned rat astrocytes. The samples were prepared and analyzed with liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results. The analysis showed a significant difference in 162 proteins between glioma cells and native astrocytes, in 141 proteins between glioma cells and glioma-conditioned astrocytes and 70 proteins between glioma-conditioned and native astrocytes. Conclusion. The differences in protein levels between native and glioma-conditioned astrocytes show a high correlation with differences between glioma cells and native astrocytes.