Vol XXXV, No 1-2 (2003)

For a long time, the leading centers of Russian neurology were the first in the world to create the departments of nervous diseases of medical medical universities, which gave the world a galaxy of outstanding neurologists. The original directions and methods of modern clinical neurology were introduced. In this aspect, the achievements of representatives of the Kazan neurological school, their role and influence on the development of scientific and social life and beyond are indisputable.

Discovered at multiple sclerosis the disturbance of operation of an immune system in many respects are similar to defects at a number classical autoimmune diseases. In the patients with multiple sclerosis are revealed by us the clinical indications close to those at diffuse connective tissue diseases, in particular, at system scleroderma. It was investigated the levels of serum autoantibodies to native and denature DNA in multiple sclerosis and system scleroderma. It was discovered the association of the increased levels of autoantibodies to DNA and the first stage of multiple sclerosis. The data, obtained by us, testify to a generality pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and autoimmune connective tissue diseases at early stages of their origin with a further divergence of paths of their development.

37 patients with multiple sclerosis who had complaints of urination disfunction have been investigated according to Poser criteria. On the basis of clinical and urometric studies (urofluometry) three main disfunctions of urinary bladder were determined. According to the type of urinary tract disfunctions a combination of medicinal preparations had been used. In a month patients of all the three groups had a significant improvement. In patients of the 1-st group urination frequency decreased by 35%, of the 2^nd group — by 34% and the quantity of residual urine reduced by 48%. In patients of the 3^rd group quantity of residual urine came close to a norm, being decreased by 55%.

When investigating affective sphere of 160 women with alcohol addiction, depressive disorders have been found in 102 of them (63,75%). Irrespective of their clinical characteristics they had a common feature which caused appearance of depressive anosognosia phenomenon. The latter obstacle leads to hypodiagnostics of depressive disorders and enfluences a quality of the therapy.

It was found that syringomyelic patients and clinically healthy people out of the families with MRT-features of Chiari malformation, type I, had a confident decrease of depth and square of posterior cranial fossa. Relatives of patients, having no signs of Chiari malformation, type I, had the same changes as well. There was made a conclusion about presence of posterior cranial fossa hypoplasia in all patients with hereditary syryngomyelia and in members of their families, both having MRT-features of Chiari malformation type I, and having no malformation. It was supposed that posterior cranial fossa hypoplasia is a neurovisual reflection of its hereditary phonotype, and the latter in some cases leads to cerebellar tonsil ptosis, and if there are some endogenic and exogenic factors — to development of family syringomyelia.

The successes of psychosomatic medicine have led to the identification of a connection between psychotraumatic factors and diseases such as stomach ulcers, bronchial asthma, hypertension, etc. Psychotropic drugs and psychotherapy have long been used in the complex therapy of these diseases. However, in the treatment of dyshormonal mastopathy (fibroadenosis, nodular fibrocystic mastopathy, fibrotizing adenosis), hormone therapy and surgery still dominate. Meanwhile, the connection between dyshormonal mastopathy and the mental sphere of patients is obvious, but little studied.

Classical descriptions of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) have been known since the early 19th century and are based on autopsy data. Focal neurological symptoms, seizures, and coma were considered typical clinical manifestations of CVT. Progress in the development of neuroimaging technology has contributed to the expansion of ideas about the etiology, pathogenesis, spectrum of clinical manifestations and the course of this disease. Currently, the most urgent are the problems of early diagnosis and effective therapy of CVT.

At the turn of the second and third millennia, cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), especially their most severe forms - cerebral strokes (MI), acquired the significance of the most important medical and social problem, posing a great threat to the health of the nation. According to the yearbook of world sanitary statistics, over the past 30 years, the total indicators of MI morbidity and mortality from it in many countries of the world have a clear upward trend. By 1995, out of 31 European states, only in three countries in the age group from 25 to 74 years, the death rate from MI was above 200 per 100 thousand of the population: this is Portugal - 219.0, Bulgaria - 232.3 and Russia - 245, 6

Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, or Binswanger's disease (BD), is a special form of chronic progressive vascular disease of the brain, the main clinical manifestation of which is dementia in combination with a variety of neurological symptoms (subcortical, cerebellar, pseudobulbar and pyramidal syndromes and disorders of other pelvic organs) .). The genesis of the disease, primarily dementia syndrome, is based on diffuse lesion of the white matter (BV) of the cerebral hemispheres, caused by severe arteriosclerosis of the blood vessels supplying it.

A large number of works are devoted to the problem of studying auditory hallucinations. However, it would be wrong to believe that the issues related to this problem have been finally resolved. So, the features of auditory hallucinations in organic brain damage of various localization, in particular the frontal region, have not been sufficiently studied. Focal lesions of the frontal region are characterized by a variety of mental disorders related to the pathology of not only individual aspects of mental activity, but also consciousness and personality. The defeat of the frontal lobes is accompanied by disorders not only of the direct functions of this area, but also of other cerebral systems that disrupt their work due to changes in the impact of frontal mechanisms on these systems. With the defeat of the frontal lobes, hallucinations of various modalities occur, which are true. They usually arise simultaneously in several areas of the senses - auditory, olfactory, visual. Until now, data on auditory hallucinations in organic lesions of the frontal region of the brain, firstly, have not been generalized, and secondly, they have not been systematized.

65 years ago, on March 13, 1938, a prominent Russian psychiatrist, former head of the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan State University, prof. Grigory Yakovlevich Troshin.

The catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) gene regulates the metabolic processes of the neurotransmitter dopamine and, through it, influences endorphins, which play an important role in the process of pain perception. It was found that the COMT gene with the amino acid valine (val158) is more active than the variant of the gene containing methionine (met158).

Alzheimer's disease, progressive brain degeneration, is the most common cause of progressive dementia in older populations. It has been shown that the characteristics of the diet of the elderly increase or decrease the risk of developing the disease.

The side effect of coronary artery bypass grafting operations with the use of artificial circulation on the functions of attention, memory and intelligence was investigated. In total, 460 patients were examined, in whom the level of antibodies to endotoxins of intestinal bacteria was determined, and neuropsychological testing was also carried out.