Vol 19, No 6 (2021)

The purpose of this review was to describe information about the etiology and pathogenesis of the main manifestations in patients with coronavirus infection COVID-19 and the molecular mechanisms of the possible use of metabolite drugs. Material and methods. The full-text search has been carried out in the Medline (Pubmed) and Scopus databases over the past 15 years. Results. Based on the results of the analysis the mechanisms of microcirculation disorders, possible ways of the virus penetration into the central nervous system and its effect on brain cells are described in detail. Neuronal damage and disruption of their normal functioning can lead to long-term consequences of infection. The use of metabolites to correct the cell state can soflty reduce inflammation through a range of molecular mechanisms. Conclusions. The proven cytoprotective and immunomodulatory effect of glycine determines its possible use in the therapy of COVID-19. The use of antioxidants such as glutathione is pathogenetically justified for the correction of endothelial dysfunction and neuronal hypoxia.

Introduction. It was shown, that L-amino acids can take part in regulation of the main physiological processes. Various combination of L-amino acids takin into account of its biological activity can apply for peptide drugs synthesis for target therapy of social significant diseases. The aim. Estimation of the influence of 20L-amino acids on the viability of PC12 cell line. Methods. The investigation was based on MTT test applying for viability estimation of PC12 cell line. Results. Methionine, arginine, asparagine, glutamic acid and histidine increased the viability of PC12 cell line on 54, 56, 51, 63 and 27% accordingly. Conclusion. The molecular mechanism of histidine and arginine activity can be connected with epigenetic genes regulation of cell metabolism. Previously it was shown that 5 amino acids stimulated nerve and pancreatic tissues grown in various aged animals. It can be constructed short peptides on the base of methionine, arginine, asparagine, glutamic acid and histidine. These peptides can be perspectives substances for prevention and therapy age-related neuroendocrine pathology.

The aim is the comparative analysis of saliva concentration of sirtuins, in middle age and elderly people without cardiovascular pathology (CP) and with coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods. Saliva was obtained from healthy donors (73 persons without CP, «norm») and 68 CHD patients of middle age and elderly age. Sirt1, Sirt3, Sirt4, Sirt5, Sirt6, Sirt7concentrations were verified in saliva by enzymoimmunoassay. Results. Sirt1, Sirt6, Sirt7 concentrations in saliva in elderly patients from the group «norm» were 1.5-1.6 times lower in comparison with this value in middle-aged patients. Sirt1, Sirt 3, Sirt6, Sirt7 concentrations in saliva in middle-aged and elderly CHD patients were 1.4-4.2 times lower in comparison with the same values in patients of this age in group «norm». Sirt1, Sirt6, Sirt7 concentrations in saliva in elderly CHD patients were 1.5-2.1 times lower in comparison with these values in middle age CHD patients. Conclusions. The Sirt1, Sirt6, Sirt7 saliva study in healthy middle and old people can be used in a comprehensive assessment of biological age . The estimation of Sirt1, Sirt3, Sirt6, Sirt7 concentration in saliva in middle age and elderly patients may be the perspective predictive method of CHD.

The aim of the study was to study the effect of chemical immobilization of yeast cell wall glycoproteins on their ability to activate cytokine production by human peripheral blood cells. Methods. A comparative analysis of the immunomodulatory activity of yeast cell wall glycoproteins in a free and immobilized state was carried out. The dynamics of the process of accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL8, and TNFa) in the extracellular medium after contact of human blood cells with glycoproteins was studied. The source of glycoproteins was the cell lysate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The glycoproteins were immobilized on a polyacrylamide gel in a copolymerization reaction. The study of the effectiveness of immobilized and free glycoproteins was carried out in in vitro experiments on the whole blood of practically healthy donors. The effectiveness was evaluated by the increase in the concentration of cytokines in the blood plasma after contact with glycoproteins compared to the baseline level, as well as by comparing the effect of polyacrylamide gel without a ligand and simply incubating blood cells with saline solution. Results. It was found that immobilized glycoproteins, as well as free ones, in contact with human peripheral blood lead to the activation of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL8, and TNFa) by blood cells. The study revealed the peculiarities of cytokine synthesis depending on the form of contact of blood cells with the glycoprotein. It is shown that the rate of IL8 and TNFa synthesis is higher after blood contact with immobilized glycoproteins than with free-form glycoproteins.

Introduction. Activation of glial cells by lipopolysaccharide leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and the development of neuroinflammation, which, in turn, affects the processes of neuro- and synaptogenesis. However, the specific mechanisms of neuroglial and astrocytemicroglial interactions in these processes remain the subject of discussion. Aim of the study. Our aim was to study the role of microglia in the acquisition of a reactive phenotype by astrocytes in vitro, and the effect of lipopolysaccharide and astrocyte-conditioned medium on the neuro- and synaptogenesis of hippocampal neurons in vitro by immunocytochemistry methods. Methods. The study was carried out on glial and neuronal cell cultures from rat hippocampus. Lipopolysaccharide was added to mixed glial culture and pure astrocyte culture at concentrations of 1 and 10 μg/ml for 6, 12 and 24 hours. The cells were then fixed, stained for astrocytic marker GFAP. Lipopolysaccharide at a concentration of 10 μg/ml at 6 and 12 hours, as well as an astrocyte-conditioned medium were added to the culture of hippocampal neurons which were later fixed and stained for the marker of cell proliferation Ki67, presynaptic (Syn1) andpostsynaptic (PSD95) proteins. Results. The number of GFAP increased in mixed glial cultures after 6 and 12 h of incubation with lipopolysaccharide; in astrocyte culture, GFAP on the contrary, decreased. The addition of lipopolysaccharide and astrocyte-conditioned medium to neurons led to a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in the amount of postsynaptic protein PSD95, while the amount of Syn1 changed only in case when lipopolysaccharide was added directly to neurons. Conclusion. In our work it was determined that astrocytes acquire a characteristic reactive phenotype only in the presence of microglial cells in vitro, as evidenced by an increase in the amount of GFAP. Astrocytes incubated with lipopolysaccharide are capable of modulating neuronal proliferation and synaptogenesis processes in vitro.