Vol 16, No 3 (2015)

Despite the widespread and easy use of satellite navigation systems (SNS), ground-based radio navigation systems (RNS) remain one of the main means of navigating maintenance of a number of objects, such as ships. Using RNS helps to achieve high accuracy in objects positioning, and to eliminate a number of disadvantages of SNS. From the beginning of the 2000s in the Siberian Federal University in collaboration with the Research and Production Enterprise “Radiosvyaz” were resumed the works on the development and serial production of terrestrial RNS UHF-range “Krabik-BM”, using the phase measurement techniques and navigation options designed for geodetic gridding sea ​​surface objects. This system consists of several aligned transceivers that can be used as a ship station, and the supporting shore stations by selecting an appropriate operating mode. In 2003 the serial production of the RNS and its delivery to the customer were started. Nowadays, system solutions and electronic components, used in the design of this, are obsolete. Therefore, there was a task of modernization of transceivers of the RNS mentioned, using modern components, design tools and software. In the present article the direction to update the hardware of the RNS using modern systems on chip (SoC), manufactured by Xilinx, is considered. Most preferably, according to the authors, is to use the SoC family Zynq-7000, combining into a single chip of programmable logic Artix / Kintex-7 and a high-performance ARM processor Cortex-A9. Using the proposed SoC allows us to solve the task of transceivers RNS “Krabik-BM” upgrade. In particular, it is expected to reduce the cost, weight and dimensions of the transceiver while increasing reliability by eliminating external interactions between the programmable logic and processor system. The article presents the block diagram of the transceiver RNS “Krabik-BM” before and after the upgrade. Another direction of the development of RNS is the development of radionavigation software of the secondary information processing in terms of opportunities and tools provided by modern operating systems and software development environment. For the design of this kind of software cross-platform integrated development environments with open source and high-level languages should be used. The most suitable one is the use of Qt Creator environment, providing the creation of applications with an extensive class library and ready development tools. The article presents the main elements of the radio navigation results measurements of the secondary processing program user interface, as well as its potential in output and processing terms. In conclusion, according to the article the use of selected directions of the RNS modernization in terms of hardware and software will enhance the competitiveness of the “Krabik-BM” and open up opportunities for further improvements due to the significant rise of hardware and computing resources of the system.

Presented is the problem of stochastic control objects with discrete-continuous nature of the process in non-parametric uncertainties, in particular, the problem of the process management without memory delay has been studied. Similar processes occur in many different control loops of aerospace objects and systems. For example, in the manufacture of electro-radio products, in the spacecraft about reaching 150 thousand, can be represented both as a series of local objects dynamic nature and freewheeling delay. This article describes a situation where the input object receives several controlled input variables. It leaves its mark in the management of such processes, and determines the relevance of the problem. The article provides theoretical information on nonparametric control algorithms under incomplete information about the controlled process. The focus is on the construction of nonparametric algorithms of dual control. The essential difference between dual control algorithms from the standard is that the control unit performs two functions: research and management in the process of active accumulation of information. Algorithm for computing the sequence of control input actions (chain) is based on following Manufacture scheme: first control actions are chosen at random, based on practical considerations, but the following one is calculated using the nonparametric algorithms of dual control taking into account the first. Further, this pattern is repeated, i. e. each subsequent value of the components of the control actions is calculated taking into account all the previous ones. Thus, the form of the equation describing the local process remains unknown due to the lack of a priori information. Detailed results of the numerical investigation of the use of nonparametric algorithms for adaptive dual control at several control actions are given. In the simulation, the characteristics of the objects were described by non-linear components, the form of which was unknown, and which, in the active acquisition of information automatically restored on the basis of measurement of the input-output variables of the process. The study was conducted at different reference variables that could have stepped character, or comply with one or another path. Also the effect of different noise acting on the object and the measurement channels were investigated. The results of numerical studies have shown high enough efficiency of nonparametric algorithms of dual control multidimensional process without memory under conditions of incomplete information.

The article is devoted to solution of the actual practical task of determining the strategy for responding to information security incidents in information systems with the help of case analysis. The author examines the process approach to incident management and its main stages. Incident management process, according to regulatory requirements, involves four steps: detection of an incident, incident response, investigation, corrective actions. At the second stage there is an urgent problem of a prompt response to information security incidents. It is necessary to decide which strategy should be chosen from a variety of specific strategies or to determine that there is no appropriate strategy and therefore it should be formed. As a solution of the problem of the response strategy selection it is proposed to use the case based analysis apparatus. To solve this problem it is supposed to use a simplified cycle of reasoning based on cases and not including the stage of response scenarios adaptation. The classification is based on the number of found analogies and the value of the similarity degree. Incidents are compared with case classes on the basis of similarities found in each class. According to the degree of similarity an incident corresponds to a specific case in the class and the response strategy associated with it. A new algorithm for classification of information security incidents in information systems based on the case and statistical analysis was worked out in accordance with the proposed concept of incidents analysis. The developed algorithm differs from the well-known ones in automatic selection of the optimal threshold value using ROC-analysis. The algorithm allows the selection of the criterion of classifier maximum quality depending on the permissible value of errors of the first and second kind under the given circumstances. The assessment of the developed algorithm effectiveness was carried out. The proposed concept of building the case based system of information security incidents increases responsiveness and allows repetitive using of the previous experience in the process of information security incidents management.

To determine the horizontal structure of the physical and biological heterogeneities calculated are time-space gradients based on long-term satellite data. AVHRR MCSST, CZCS, SeaWIFS, MIRAS AQUARIUS, MODIS, MSS and NOAA, TERRA, AQUA, SPOT, LANDSAT picture images were used as input satellite data. Satellite data was used to calculate mean gradient fields of temperature, salinity and chlorophyll concentration in the ocean for different periods of time. The software calculates and averages the horizontal gradients in the ocean for different grids. Calculations are also made to find zonal, meridian, and absolute gradients, pointing to main frontal zones. The gradient fields and their high values give us information about spatial distribution of main frontal zones in the ocean. For study of the gradient field surface in aquatic systems realized is the averaging algorithm for dynamic object. Gradient of land surface shows changes of relief as steady state object. Space-time variability of gradient fields in the ocean has been received. Here we used satellite data on sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and chlorophyll concentration. The main stage of research is evaluation of statistical correlation between gradients of temperature and chlorophyll concentration, which suggests a combined effect of physical and biological processes. Horizontal temperature and turbidity fields were considered for small object as Lake Shira (Russia, Khakasia) based on satellite data. Gradient zones of land relief were tested on satellite images. In this case, software ENVI 4.7 and IDL were used to calculate absolute (modulo) gradients surface height. Though idealized, our results suggest the importance of surface gradient parameters for the measuring from space.

Versatility of identification methods allows to apply them in different technical areas (including the aerospace industry), as well as in medicine, economics, etc. In recent years, ensemble learning is becoming one of the most common methods of identification. Ensemble methods train multiple learners and further combine their use. One of the main tasks of combining multiple models with the same type is to eliminate certain drawbacks of individual models. This paper deals with some peculiar properties of the Nadaraya-watson kernel estimator. These peculiar properties are related with existence of sparse areas in the space of input variables (some regions contain a small number of observations in the training set) and with the behavior of the Nadaraya-watson kernel estimator near the boundary of the input variables space. The ensemble learning approach proposed by the authors is based on boosted learning of nonparametric estimators. There is a formalized approach to ensemble building with configurable parameters and there are some guidelines for choosing these parameters. The numerical researches shows that proposed boosted ensemble is significantly more accurate than a single Nadaraya-watson kernel estimator both in case of sparse areas in the space of input variables, and in case of areas with a large number of observations in the training set. Also the numerical research demonstrates high accuracy of proposed boosted ensemble near the boundary of the input variables space and shows the possibility of using boosted ensemble in the extrapolation problem.

The paper is devoted to the study of a class of conjugately biprimitively finite groups named as groups of Shunkov. Finiteness condition in such groups is superimposed on the subgroup generated by two conjugate elements of the group and group sections on finite subgroups. The paper presents results concerning groups of Shunkov. The relations between the class of groups of Shunkov with classes of groups of Chernikov, groups of Aleshin, almost layer-finite groups and periodic groups are shown. We have proven two results establishing the properties of groups of Shunkov. V. P. Shunkov in his first theorem dedicated to the class of groups of Shunkov established their connection with Chernikov groups in the class of primary groups. Further the groups of Shunkov together with the minimal condition for Abelian subgroups, with a primary minimality condition and with different conditions for systems of subgroups are studied. V. P. Shunkov establishes the existence of infinite Abelian subgroups in an arbitrary infinite Shunkov group. A. I. Sozutov described the structure of complement of group of Shunkov which is a Frobenius group or constituting a Frobenius pair with a proper subgroup. The structure of periodic groups of Shunkov with Chernikov Sylow 2-subgroups was studied. Several authors have established relationships of Shunkov groups with similar classes of groups. The existence of Shunkov groups without periodic part was proved. A. V. Rozhkov using techniques for working with automorphisms of trees divided an infinite set of classes of subgroups, generalizing the concept of Shunkov group by transferring finiteness conditions from the subgroup generated by two elements conjugate to the subgroup generated by any of its n conjugate elements. The results on Shunkov groups with the condition of saturation have been intensively studied in recent years were not included in this work because they can be found in the review of A. A. Kuznetsov and K. A. Filippov in the Siberian Electronic Mathematical News. Our results will be used in the study of infinite groups with finiteness conditions.

The article considers the content of the course of post graduate students’ training in a foreign language for scientific purposes in a technical university of aerospace profile. The experience of work in the context of SibSAU training of young scientists to effectively functioning in an international professional scientific community is analyzed. The experience of work in connection with the growing trend of writing scientific texts (articles, publications, monographs, etc.) in a foreign language (English) is presented. A complex structure of work with postgraduate students in teaching a foreign language for scientific purposes is developed and presented. Particular attention is paid to the integration of Internet resources in the process of preparing for the candidate's exam in a foreign language, and subsequent publications in international scientific systems such as Web of Science, Scopus. The article reflects the experience of testing and implementation of various Internet sources, presents the most effective ones. High cognitive professionally-oriented and didactic potential of the Internet technologies used is marked.Particular attention is paid to the scientific search systems, allowing a full-text search on articles of major foreign publishers’ magazines, articles in the archives of articles and preprints, scientific resources of Internet. Links for work with authentic scientific periodicals, modern dictionaries and encyclopedias are proposed. The article maybe of interest to postgraduate students of technical universities of aerospace profile, preparing for the successful functioning in the scientific community in order to accommodate their publications in leading peer-reviewed journals, as well as for foreign language teachers using in integrated methods in teaching a foreign language for scientific purposes.

The intensity function of exportation expenses for the strategy of strongly periodical systems recovery technology according to the time of carrying out preventive recoveries is investigated. The frequency functions of substitution elements service time under the emergency and preventive recoveries may be not equal. In the strategy of strong periodical recovery in the case of systems crash, the emergency recoveries are carried out, and if the system had worked without a crash for a definite period of time, then preventive recoveries are performed. The case of frequency functions correspondence under the emergency or preventive recoveries is well studied in the mathematical theory of reliability. For the exponential distribution (where the distribution parameters are different) the correlation was established between the parameters of the distribution and the costs of emergency and preventive recoveries, when the cost intensity function has one minimum point. In this case a characteristic graph of the costs intensity is set. The minimum value of the cost intensity is less than the cost intensity of the strategy of emergency recovery only (for the strategy of purely emergency recovery the preventative recovery is not carried out). In general, the condition is obtained for the function of time distribution of developments of replaceable elements under emergency and preventive recovery for the choice of the strategy implementation methods under study including equal and different functions of distribution by the criterion of the minimum intensity of the operating costs. In the case, where the developments distributive laws under failures in emergency and preventive recoveries are identical, but differ in parameters. The conditions are defined for the parameters where the given strategy should be considered with not equal distribution functions for the distribution laws frequently used in the reliability theory, in particular the exponential, Erlang distribution of the nth order, Weibull-Gnedenko, Rayleigh, Maxwell, and the log-normal distribution. The results of the choice of strategies of technical systems operation in order to minimize the operating costs intensity of the strategy under study are considered to be valid for maximizing the availability factor.

Mass of cables implemented on-board a spacecraft is one of the drivers taken into account during spacecraft design phase. One of the requirements is to provide a high ratio between Payload and Spacecraft mass because the contribution of cable lines to spacecraft mass budget is significant, and cable lines have significant lengths, so mass of cable lines becomes a challenging issue. The article identifies and assesses major criteria considered during design of power lines belonging to telecommunication satellites harness. Major contributors to satellite mass budget has been identified, a description of major competitors among world level satellite platform manufactures is given, a comparison of masses of satellites manufactured on the basis of powerful Platforms, i. e. E3000 and Express-2000 is provided. The need to consider such generic criteria as mass and cost during selection of harness manufactures is described. Reduction of on-board harness mass is possible when new, state-of-the-art technology is used. The technology should have a flight proven heritage and shall be widely used by satellite manufacturers in Russia and worldwide. The advantage of implementation of power lines ensuring reliable power distribution which are vital elements of telecommunication satellite electric power subsystem has been reviewed. Implementation of state-of-the-art Axon’ Bus Bar technology, allowing to reduce satellite harness mass and to achieve reduction of satellite mass resulting in decrease of launch cost is being justified.

In order to increase quality and reliability of newly developed satellite attitude determination and control systems (ADCS), on-ground testing is needed during their development as well as manufacturing. Moreover, the effectiveness of ADCS testing directly depends upon the accuracy of its operating environment simulation which requires highly accurate simulation of environmental effects on the sensitive items of the tested system. This article describes provision of accuracy when setting input effects on the ADCS sensitive items while performing dynamic bench tests using three-axis motion simulator which design is based on three-axis Cardan assembly. The article describes the calculation procedure and the algorithm of control input generation that affects the three-axis motion simulator while simulating absolute angular rate vector for the unit measurement channels, intended to measure satellite body angular rate. Motion simulator main advantages determined by its specific design are given. The article describes main kinematic relations and method of three-axis motion simulator calibration with reference to meridian that allows to take Earth angular rotation rate effect on the unit sensitive axes while the control input, affecting the simulator, is being generated, thus increasing the simulation accuracy. The research resolves an urgent issue which on the one hand allows to increase the quality of unit output performances measurement process, on the other hand it allows to increase effectiveness of ADCS on-ground testing. Effect of uncertainties of the three-axis motion simulator on ADCS dynamic performances measurement process in a damping mode was assessed using mathematical model method. The article also demonstrates that calculated kinematic relations and developed control algorithms simulate satellite angular motion accurately enough. Uncertainty of angular rotation rate in the set mode does not exceed 0.1 ′/sec.

Presented is the way of fabrication of waveguides and waveguide elements using the electroformed method of applying conductive vacuum coating that meets the technical requirements imposed on the waveguide elements: the minimum ratio of a standing wave voltage (VSWR) - 1,03-1,05; minimal loss of energy during the passage of the wave is not more than 5 ∙ 10 -2dB; electrokinetically flange products - up to 40-50 dB. Also the demands on the roughness of the inner surface of the channel (Ra is not more than 0.2 μm) and the deviation from the nominal size in the range of ±0,01 mm. The paper uses the method of manufacturing of a waveguide millimeter range, including the manufacture of the mandrel of aluminum alloy, the outer surface of which follows the shape of the internal channel of the waveguide, causing the mandrel which is a metal layer for forming conductive coating of the inner channel and the body of the waveguide, and further etching the mandrel. Investigated are the microstructure of the waveguide housing tract, the adhesion of the silver coating to the body of the waveguide and the measured roughness of the waveguide path are. Studies of the inner surface of the waveguide path in the presence of various impurities are made. The technology of vacuum deposition of the coating on the mandrel and capacity copper waveguide housing tract with subsequent etching of the mandrel has been developed. In this way it is possible to make the waveguides and waveguide elements tracts complex cross-sections. The conductive coatings, deposited by vacuum method, becomes dense and homogeneous, no absorption, and prevents chemical contamination of the coatings, resulting in reduced energy loss when passing waves and improves the quality of the transmitted signal. This method was made a waveguide of circular cross section with a diameter of 10 mm and length of 120 mm which has high adhesion with a conductive coating to the body of the waveguide.

The questions of influence of the shape of contact surfaces on leakages through rubber seals in fixed connection of subassemblies of space technics are considered in the article. It is known from practice of operation of seals of various designs of space-rocket hardware that the shape of contact surfaces and consequently also the shape of diagram of stresses in a contact zone, considerably influences the leaks value. The design of test equipment and technique of leaks study through fixed face seal is offered. Object of research is the fixed face ring seal. During the tests into a ring rubber seal the ring indentors of various shape were pressed. The depth of introduction was regulated and measured with split-hair accuracy. Thus various variants of distribution of contact stresses on width of a contact area were modelled. The air was delivered under different pressure through a gas reducer in an internal cavity of seal and measurement of leaks was made. Experimental dependences of leaks value vs external pressure at various values of introduction of the peak into rubber are received. The developed finite-element models of three seals used in experiment with various shapes of indentors and program STAR has allowed to theoretically study distribution of stresses on width of a contact area. The result of this experimentally-theoretical work was creation of the new finite-element program for calculation of leaks through fixed rubber seals LEAKAGES, considering the shape of rubber seals, viscoelastic properties of rubber, including the relaxation and creep phenomenon. As a result of experimental researches on introduction ring indentors of different profiles into a rubber fixed gasket it was found that at the expense of shape optimization of indentor the leaks value can be lowered 10 times. The finite-element program for calculation of leaks which allows optimizing the shape of created rubber seals for the aerospace equipments is developed.

Presented is the overview of universal joint designs of unequal angular velocities, such as cutting the hinges with a hinge sleeve and a helical coil spring of wire of circular cross section, a cylindrical hinge with a helical spring made of wire, the cross section of which has the shape of a convex polygon, the hinge sleeves of material with high hardness, the hinge with a few bushes, hinge with folding case. The influence of the skew angle of the needle bearing rollers on the value of the contact stresses and the comparative analysis of universal joints structures on needle bearings for use in transport and technological systems has been studied. Patent search revealed a number of methods and devices aimed at solving the problem of failure of the bearing units on needle bearings. Considered are universal joints with a split bushing, universal joints twisted coil spring wire of circular cross section and twisted coil spring wire cross section which has the shape of a convex polygon, universal joints with sleeves of material with high hardness and a few bushes, universal joint cross folding case. The improved designs of universal joints of unequal angular velocities are suggested. Universal joint with replaceable spikes provides the possibility of replacing parts of the universal joint without disassembling the entire driveline and includes body crosses, in which there are spikes in the form of sleeves. Universal joint with a new seal allows to prevent foreign bodies in the work space of the universal joint and leakage of lubricant, improve the reliability of universal joints due to the sealing of the working chamber, sealing in the form of a corrugated tube frustoconical ending by the larger base coaxial washer L -shaped cross section, and from the smaller base ring in the shape of a torus, fixed in response toroidal groove formed in the body of the cross at the base of the spike.

In the manufacture of aircraft structures made of aluminum alloys used is the welding, physical essence of which is to obtain a permanent connection by melting and co-crystallization of the welding electrode materials and parts to be joined. However, while the structure of the weld and the joined parts of the influence of heat coarsen, which leads to a reduction in the mechanical properties of the welded articles. It is known that metal with fine-grained structure has higher mechanical properties compared to coarse. Thus in practice, for the purpose of foundry castings structure refinement modification is used, the essence of which consists in introducing alloys into the liquid metal using substances which serve as crystallization centers. However, the possibility of modifying such agents has reached the limits in recent years and a new method of modifying the application using nanopowders (NP) chemical compounds (nitrides, carbides, borides, oxides), which gives a high effect of enhancing the mechanical properties of the molded articles has been found. It should be beared in mind that the mechanism of crystallization of molded articles and weld identical technology modifying liquid alloy was used to grind the weld structure in the manufacture of a welded structure of the aircraft from the example sheets of aluminum-magnesium alloy AMg6 with welding rods containing NP. The test results are cut from the welded structure samples showed that s metal at the weld joint during the welding rod comprising NP BN, is 333 MPa, LaB6 - 338 MPa, TiCN - 345 MPa. These values were higher than 4.1, respectively; 5.6 and 7.8 %, than the samples have AMg6 alloy (320 MPa), welded by the standard electrode of the same alloy. The development is protected by patents of the Russian Federation.

The physical, mechanical, and tribological properties of quasicrystalline coatings based on the Al 65Cu 23Fe 12 alloy prepared by plasma spraying have been investigated. The specific features of the phase formation due to the competitive interactions of the icosahedral ψ and cubic β phases have been elucidated. Сorrelation between the microhardness and the content of the icosahedral phase in the coating has been determined. The decisive role of the quasicrystalline phase in the formation of high tribological characteristics of the coatings has been revealed and tested.

In this work, the effect of ZrO 2 nanoparticles prepared in a low-pressure arc discharge plasma on magnetic flux pinning of granular YBa 2Cu 3O 7-y/nanoZrO 2 composites has been studied. It has been shown that the ZrO 2 nanoparticles do not change the superconducting transition and the microstructure of superconductors. At a temperature of 5 K, the addition of 0.5 and 1 wt % of ZrO 2 nanoparticles may lead to the additional effect of magnetic flux pinning and the increase in the critical current density J c. The J c value for composites with 1 wt % is two times larger than that for the reference sample. The fishtail effect is observed for YBa 2Cu 3O 7-y/nanoZrO 2 composites at the temperatures of 20 and 50 K. The problems associated with the additional effect of magnetic flux pinning of granular YBa 2Cu 3O 7-y/nanoZrO 2 composites and the appearance of the fishtail effect have been discussed.

In the manufacture an aircraft parts electroplating processes are used which result in the contamination of wastewater metal ions. Currently there is a large number of water and aqueous solutions purification methods - mechanical, chemical, electrical, physical, biological, combined method, etc. For example, for water purification from iron defending from copper, nickel, chromium (VI) is used effectively. Also electro-coagulation, ion exchange technology, biological treatment, etc are widely used. Waste water of electroplating industry contains a collection of different metal ions at concentrations of 0.5 mg/l or less. Research on integrated water purification from metal ions under these conditions is not enough. The article presents the results of experimental studies of water cleaning from metal ions using two different methods - electrochemical and electrochemical air bubbling. Electrochemical effect was to purify water passing through the asymmetric alternating current using insoluble heterogeneous electrodes (stainless steel 12X18H10T, titanium alloy ОТ 4-0). The treated water bubbling used air which has passed through purified water. The highest efficiency of water cleaning is achieved by electrochemical method with air bubbling due to the uneven distribution of the electric field intensity at the interphase boundary. This method increases water cleaning efficiency: from cadmium ions in 2.9 times, copper - 1.1, nickel - 5, chromium - 1.2, and iron - 1.1. Specific power consumption makes up 1.8 (kW∙h)/m 3 while electrochemical cleaning method with the insoluble electrodes and alternating current the specific power consumption is 3.5-4 (kW∙h)/m 3.

Currently, the strategically important sector of Russian economy - aerospace industry - needs modernization and reorientation on the needs of modern economy - the knowledge-based economy. To implement this transformation there is a need in qualified creative personnel involved in the relationship with the human capital. The object of this study is the relationship of human capital (in the aerospace industry). This paper presents the analysis of the main approaches to define the essence of human capital, their classification (activity, income, investment, historical). Through the general properties of systems (hierarchy, integrity, emergence) was proved that the relationship of human capital is a system in which occurs the transformation of human resources (total health, knowledge, skills, etc.) into the asset of the enterprise. Scientific novelty lies in the allocation of system-forming element of human capital - intellectual property. In the author's definition of intellectual property lies the creative approach to the implementation of employee work, non-standard use of the means of production, resulting in the increased efficiency of the production process, and formation of competitive advantage. The presence of intellectual property can be expressed in the responsible attitude to work (the desire of the employee to perform labour operations efficiently and on time), pioneering (rationalization proposals), innovation activity. According to the article, the human capital management (as a system of economic relations) is beyond the scope of personnel management and requires a fundamentally new integrated approach that can improve the competitiveness of the aerospace industry. The results of this study are of scientific and applied character and can be used in the educational process and practices focused on the management of aerospace organizations.