No 8 (2015)

Пожалуй, ни одна другая тема не стала такой важной и обсуждаемой в молочной отрасли Германии за последние годы, как устойчивое развитие сектора и охрана окружающей среды. Предприятия соответственно ставят перед собой вопрос: как они могут сделать свой вклад в данную тему с экономической, социальной и экологической точек зрения ? В любом случае немецкие молокоперерабатывающие заводы уже долгое время уделяют огромное внимание бережному использованию природных ресурсов для производства молочных продуктов.

The basis norm of the mass share of protein is considered to be one of the indices of raw milk quality. The arbitration method for determination of the index (according to Kjeldahl) is based on the determination of total nitrogen in milk. However, crude nitrogen is presented both by protein and non-protein nitrogenous complexes that gives possibility to adulterate milk. In this connection it is offered to introduce additional indices of the raw milk quality -to determine levels of non-protein nitrogen, urea and mass share of the true protein.

A method for mass spectrometric identification of the sterol composition of the milk and milk products fat phase which comprises hydrolyzation of sterides in sterols (without preliminary extraction of fat), their chromatographic separation by gas-liquid chromatography and comparing received mass spectra of sterols with mass spectra and retention time of the standard substances is offered.

Principle issues of the existing methodology for development of the technologies intended for receiving products for healthy nutrition are considered. Criteria of the biological value of a product are shown as a decisive criterion of the quality.

Results of the investigations carried out with the aim to develop the method to reduce residual antigenicity of the β-lactoglobulin and to study chemical composition and properties of the received food composition are given. The technology of the bioconversion of β-lactoglobulin resulting in receiving of hydrolyzate with reduced residual antigenicity 9-10 % was worked out. Chemical composition and properties of the hydrolyzate were studied. It was found that hydrolyzate contains high level of physiologically functional ingredients. Technological scheme for obtaining hydrolyzate of β-lactoglobulin allows apply mass-produced equipment and is adapted to the system HACCP. Hydrolyzate of the β-lactoglobulin can be used in the technologies of the wide range of milk and fermented milk products.

Membrane processes have been positively applied for intensification and solving of complicated issues of the traditional and new canned milk products manufacturing. Thus, microfiltration («cold» sterilization) allows remove from the raw milk up to 99,9 % of microorganisms leaving composition and native properties of milk without changes. Processes of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis are successfully applied for intensification of concentrating. Technologies of the membrane concentration also allow process milk whey with isolation of the components that can be added to the concen trated canned milk products. Some other technologies are outlined and discussed in the article, technological schemes are given.

When optimizing and enriching the fodder with protein the milk yield of Holstein cows can increase. The aim of the investigation is to determine dependence of milk yield on protein content in milk and blood of animals and protein content in the fodder of the Holstein cows. Scientific and practical experiments according to the principle of pairsanalogues at the animal production unit of JSC «Avangard» in Stenkino, Ryazan region were carried out. The feed consumption by animals was determined with the help of weighing the fodder and its remainder each decade. Milk yield was determined in accordance with every month control milking with succeeding calculation of milk yield for 305 days of lactation. Double milking in milk pipes was applied. Milk samples were chosen individually. Milk quality was determined at the farm lab with the help of device «Klever-2М». We have studied milk content and its physical-chemical indices during the second and third months of the first three lactations. We have taken the animals’ 10 ml blood samples from the iugular in the morning before feeding and watering. The total protein in the blood at was determined at the Ryazan regional vet lab. The main difference in the fodder of milking cows of the control and experiment groups has been in substituting part of the mixed fodder with corn gluten. The contents of the crude and digestable proteins were 3020 and 4230 gr versus 2416 and 3384 gr in the control and experiment diets correspondingly. It was found that the yield of the experiment cows increased by 563,3 kg on the average for 3 lactations. Protein concentration in the blood of the experiment animals was by 21 % higher than that of the control ones. The visual and regression analyses allowed analyze the data received and make a diagram of some basic data sequences, for instance milk yield, protein in blood and milk depending on protein content in the fodder.

Results of the investigations carried out with the aim to optimize energy, fat-carbohydrate and minerals-vitamins nutrition of the high productive cows are discussed. New efficient system of feeding was worked out for such animals.