卷 1, 编号 3 (2019)

The article considers the process of human creativity and humanity from an idealistic position, which is based on ideas that create a new reality. The author considers creativity to be the main driving force of history. It begins with the creation of new ideas that precede each historical action. Human consciousness, creating ideas, is a source of historical development, therefore the over- whelming majority of historical events can be explained from the standpoint of an idealistic approach.Ideas unite in ideology, which allows you to look at the world from one point of view, and create a complete picture of the world. Previous ideologies can not be regarded as inferior or flawed, with respect to subsequent ones. They are self-sufficient and full-fledged, because they successfully built historical reality. The first known ideological systems were mythological, they were replaced by religious ones, which were replaced by rationalistic ideology. In the Russian and Soviet society, the pagan, Orthodox religious, communist and liberal ideology consistently dominated.The change of ideology occurs as a result of dissatisfaction with the former dominant ideas and their inefficiency in the outside world. Such shifts occurred in the X century, when Christianity changed paganism, in 1917 it was replaced by communism, and in 1991, on the wave of disillusionment with communism, the liberal idea triumphed.The article on a historical background analyses the process of changing ideologies, their development and subsequent decline.The change of ideologies inevitably led to a change in the forms of the socio-political structure, economic activity, change in the forms of cultural, everyday life and life. If during the domination of the religious ideology the emphasis was on the spiritual life, and its material component was secondary, then with the transition to the rationalistic communist worldview, the main focus was on the material sphere, which resulted in success in the economy, military production, and economic life. The first half of the existence of the Soviet Union is the time of the greatest successes of the Russian and other peoples who implement the communist idea. Disappointment in communism led to a reduction in creativity, stagnation in science, technology, social and cultural life.The transition to a liberal ideology did not bring the expected success in the socio-economic sphere and the growth of welfare, on the contrary, the country began to deteriorate, this is particularly reflected in creativity. Science, industry, technology have ceased to develop. The country was on the verge of another collapse.

This paper substantiates the importance of synergetics as a methodological basis of historical knowledge. The definition of such basic concepts as synergetics itself, self-organization, bifurcation, fluctuation, attractor, chaos, social entropy is given. The most important principles on which this interdisciplinary direction is based are given. These are two principles of being (homeostatic and hierarchical), five principles of formation (nonlinearity, instability, incompleteness, observability, dynamic hierarchy.A historiographic analysis of the search for ways, directions, and reasons for the application of synergetics in sociocultural, historical research is carried out.These are: identifying the importance of synergetics for the strategic planning of the political, economic, social development of a state, region; identification of the historiosophical meaning of synergetics; development of the problem of global forecasts; systematic approach to culture.The experience of using synergetic concepts and meanings in the study of historical problems of various extents is generalized, such as: the logic of all Soviet history; history of the 1990s; Soviet-German relations in the prewar period (1938-1941); the state of cooperation in the country in the early 1920s; Ural village in the conditions of war communism; stock market “shakes” in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; study of sources of memoir style.This paper is addressed to historians, students, everyone who is interested in the general theory of systems.

The article analyzes the Muslim art created by the Muslim ethnic groups of the North Caucasus by the XVIII century. It is proved that the Caucasian traditional culture was holistic and original. It included not only customs and traditions, but also music, painting, literature. With the adoption of Islam, Muslim notions of morality began to penetrate into all spheres of spiritual culture and art and an Islamic worldview was developed. It is proved that thanks to the adoption of Islam, the highlanders reach new heights in art and architecture, where religion contributes to strengthening the connection between moral and aesthetic beauty.

The main task of this article is analysis of the place of social structures and traditional culture of Australian aborigines in historical concept by outstanding Russian revolutionary George Plehanov. His works were based on the studies by leading Western ethnologists and anthropologists (E.Tylor, J. Frazer, E. Eyre and some others). Plehanov characterized social relations in Australian aborigines society, special characteristics of their culture, their place among the others peoples in the world at the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX centuries. The author proves high level of Plehanov’s scholar, he knew about all main studies devoted to Australian aborigines (particularly studies published in Australia). The author concludes that analysis of the place of social structures and traditional culture of Australian aborigines had an important place in historical concept by George Plehanov. Originality of this article is connected with its first attempt to study the place of Australian aborigines in historical concept by George Plehanov. Importance of this article is also connected with high relevance of the problem of first contacts between Australian aborigines and Europeans which actively studied in contemporary Australian historiography (J. Blainey, M. Meggitt, D. Mulvainy etc). High relevance of this problem is also connected with adoption special legislation in Australia and the growth of social-political activity of Australian aborigines.

The article analyzes the evolution of foreign historical thought about the period of “late Stalinism” from the end of the World War II to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The author presents the periodization of historiography, which allows to reveal the change in the points of view of foreign scientists for this period of Russian history. It is concluded that in 1945-1991 the main body of information was accumulated, which became the basis for the development of modern studies of the period of “late Stalinism”.

The article presents biographical information about the winners of the Kimber Genetics Award of the National Academy of Sciences for distinguished contribution to the science of genetics. The focus is on awarding and presentation of the Kimber Prize for 1966 to the thirteenth laureate, Russian scientist N.V. Timofeev-Resovsky.

The article discusses the American concept of the Big Two (G2), which is little covered in the scientific literature, proposed by the United States to China in the initial period of Barack Obama’s presidential term. The authors aim to analyze the opinion of the Chinese leadership regarding this American project and identify the reasons for Beijing's refusal from the strategy of global US-China leadership. The analysis is based on sources of various types and other materials in English and Chinese. Particularly worth mentioning is the important informative value of published materials by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peoples Republic of China on interaction with the United States during the initial period of President Obama’s term.