Vol 16, No 4 (2023)

On May 9, 2023, the North Caucasian Institute for Advanced Studies (branch) of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia turned 91 years old.

Procedure of the Russian Federation in terms of the availability and quality of provisions that ensure the safe participation of individuals in conditions that threaten their life and health.

The article deals with conditions that threaten life, health, property of participants in the criminal process, a classification of such conditions is proposed; the existing security measures provided for by the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation are described from the point of view of their consistency and elaboration, conclusions are drawn about the shortcomings of the legislation and directions for its further adjustment.

The results of such a generalization can be used in the practice of preliminary investigation bodies, for further theoretical research, preparation of scientific papers and for solving practical problems in the field of criminal proceedings under standard and special conditions.

The purpose of this article is to consider the specifics of the sale of narcotic drugs via the Internet. Contactless devices are on trend today. The article discusses popular messengers of distributors of prohibited substances, as well as the complexity of investigations of the category of these cases.

Conclusions: the main problems in the investigation of crimes related to the sale of narcotic drugs via the Internet are electronic means of communication and settlements. As a rule, such contactless methods of interaction minimize personal communication, there are no names, only nicknames under which they are registered in the network.

The development of digital technologies contributes to the fact that payments can be made in many ways today: these are electronic wallets, bitcoins, and credit cards. A large number of foreign systems allow for electronic money transfer without opening a bank account, these include "Anelik", "Uniastrum", etc.

The "selection" of service personnel is also carried out through the network, since pre-sale preparation, packaging, packaging, and bookmark are needed for drugs. These persons also practically do not overlap.

All these aspects significantly complicate the investigation, therefore, almost the only clue is the technical components of the criminals' activities, namely computers, telephones, payment cards, etc., on which it is possible to conduct an examination and at least confirm the receipt of money from suspicious accounts, to detect secret correspondence, photos of places of "bookmarks".

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the institution of preventive measures in the implementation of the goals and objectives of the criminal procedure legislation. Combining several functions at the same time, the application of measures of procedural influence on a person pursues goals aimed at protecting the interests of society and the state, expressed in the need to prevent, prevent and combat crime.

The absence of a legal interpretation of preventive measures causes the presence of many definitions in the doctrine. At the same time, the unanimity of opinions of scientists boils down to the fact that preventive measures are a kind of procedural measures and are associated with psychological, physical and other impact on the suspect and the accused, and in some cases, the restriction of fundamental human rights and freedoms. In this regard, the author substantiates the expediency of introducing a legal definition of a preventive measure or concretizing it in the definition of a specific measure.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the specifics of the application of preventive measures in criminal procedural legal relations. The author analyzes the purpose of the application of these measures, the functions performed by these measures, highlights the signs of preventive measures in criminal proceedings, as well as some problematic aspects of their application in the process of investigating criminal cases.

In modern complex geopolitical environment, when law enforcement officers need to be prepared to perform service and combat tasks in special conditions, special training of employees, including topographic training, is an important component of the professional training of students studying in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

In accordance with Article 25 of the Federal Law "On the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation" [2], the training of officers of the National Guard Troops can be carried out both in subordinate training military units (centers), and on the basis of an agreement concluded with educational organizations (training centers) of other federal executive authorities.

The North Caucasian Institute for Advanced Studies (branch) Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is implementing the main vocational training program “Vocational training of employees of special forces units of the territorial agencies of the Russian Guard for the position of a Police Officer” on a contractual basis (Agreement on the interaction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation [3] and Federal Service of the National Guard Troops of the Russian Federation on personnel training No. 1/10252, 1/1930 dated 07.10.2016; supplementary agreement dated 06.11.2019 No. 1/6226, 1/6-MVS).

The educational programme being implemented involves the acquisition by students of general professional and professional competencies necessary for the effective performance of professional activities in accordance with their job regulations (instructions), including in conditions associated with the use of special means, firearms and physical force. At the same time, it should be noted that out of 514 academic hours that make up the total labour intensity of the programme, 396 academic hours (72 percent of the total training time) are devoted to studying the disciplines of the professional cycle, which includes such disciplines as "Tactical and special training", "Fire training", "Altitude training (facade mountaineering)", "Special physical training", "Military topography" and other disciplines of this cycle. It is on the level and efficiency of mastering these disciplines that the success of the future employees of the National Guard Troops in their service and combat tasks, including in special conditions, depends. The purpose of the study is the most optimal implementation of the competence-based approach in the study of the discipline "Military topography", which provides for the widespread use in the educational activities of the Institute of various active forms of training that contribute to the effective formation and development of special (individual, group, technical) skills of officers of special forces units.

The purpose of this study is to study the potential of independent physical training in the process of retraining and advanced training of students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. In order to meet all the requirements and successfully complete the tasks assigned to police officers, they must devote a lot of time to deepening their knowledge and improving their skills. This is especially true for physical fitness. It occupies a special place, because over time the health of police officers does not get better, but on the contrary it gets worse, so it is very important to maintain your health and physical fitness in optimal condition. To do this, they have to resort to the use of independent exercises from general and special physical training. It has been established that independent physical training can be used as a tool to maintain physical performance at the required level. However, if you look at this phenomenon from a slightly different angle, you can generally treat it as a process that will improve physical performance at a distance. However, this will rather concern younger listeners, whose health, due to age, allows them to carry much greater loads, and accordingly their independent training should and will differ from the training of age-old listeners, which, as we noted, will allow them to improve in this way.

It is concluded that the systematic and comprehensive use of elements of physical culture and sports with their inclusion in the daily routine and lifestyle will help a police officer to get rid of constantly accumulating stress, as well as to perform job duties competently throughout his professional activity without prejudice to health, to have moral satisfaction with the results of his work.

This article examines the key aspects of the formation of motivation for physical culture and sports among students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. In the educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, great importance is attached to the development and strengthening of the health and physical indicators of students. Poor physical fitness directly affects the success of the activities of employees of the internal affairs bodies, their status, merits and the need to treat their representatives with respect. Therefore, in order to achieve an appropriate level of physical perfection, it is necessary to develop the habit of playing sports and maintaining one's condition by systematically receiving loads and performing various sets of exercises. An important component for the constant occupation of the dispute is the right motivation, which is a combination of internal and external factors to achieve the goals.

It was established that one of the key aspects of motivating students in the field of physical training is the choice of the optimal method of classes. The methods used should correspond to the level of students' training, as well as their goals and interests. For example, the use of innovative technologies in the learning process, such as interactive videos, computer games, etc., can increase the motivation of students and interest them in participating in classes. However, in addition to choosing the optimal methodology, proper organization of classes is also necessary.

It is concluded that the probability that it will be possible to solve the problem with the motivation of listeners in any of its manifestations once and for all is extremely small, but this does not mean that it is not necessary to pay attention to it and continue to ignore it. It is necessary to develop an effective methodology to increase motivation and use it on a systematic basis, regardless of the current level of motivation of listeners.

This article examines the physical qualities that students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia develop in order to maintain a high level of efficiency and health. It is known that the main aspect in the formation and development of physical qualities of students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs is a healthy lifestyle. This includes proper nutrition, regular exercise, adequate rest and sleep. Educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs can carry out appropriate work to promote a healthy lifestyle among their students.

Specialists of physical culture and sports note that the main physical qualities that are formed and developed by students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia are: strength – the ability to resist resistance and move heavy objects using muscle tension; endurance – the ability to maintain physical activity for a long time, cope with fatigue and recover after exertion; agility – the ability to move quickly and flexibly, change the direction of movement, control your body; speed – the ability to react quickly to situations, move quickly and accurately; flexibility – the ability to bend and stretch, maintain a normal level of mobility and guarantee safety when performing operations. For the development of these qualities, certain exercises are necessary. There are a number of techniques and exercises that allow you to better work out certain muscle groups or individual indicators. However, different techniques and different sports are also needed to develop different indicators of physical strength. It will be impossible to develop all the qualities to a certain level by resorting to only one technique or sport. One way or another, one of the indicators will sink, and in order to level these indicators, it is necessary to use certain techniques and exercises from various sports.

In this article, the methods of mastering combat techniques of wrestling and the formation of physical fitness on their basis among students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia are studied.

It is established that the main criterion for the successful application of wrestling techniques is the correct and refined technique, but physical indicators also play an important role. In this regard, when students are directly confronted with the fact that insufficient physical fitness does not allow them to fully master the techniques of wrestling, they make significant efforts to solve this problem. However, the main thing in this context is not even this, but the fact that wrestling techniques themselves are the same exercises as pull-ups or working with weights, when listeners have to make efforts and use strength and other aspects of their physical development to make a movement. Only in this case, a partner acts as a weight, or a layout on which various techniques are performed. In addition, the use of wrestling techniques contributes to the development of physical indicators of listeners and helps them become stronger and more resilient.

It is concluded that the problem of poor physical fitness of students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia can lead to serious consequences, such as missed crimes, poor response to dangerous situations, injuries and insufficient work efficiency. In addition, poor physical fitness can also negatively affect leadership education and discipline in the police corps. To solve the problem, it is necessary to introduce systematic physical training, as well as increase the standards of recruitment and selection of candidates for military service in the police corps. If we do not develop the latest methods of using information technologies that will be effective not only today, but also in the future, then in the near future we will not be able to catch up and overcome crime in whatever form it is expressed.

This article examines the goals, objectives and ways to improve physical fitness in the professional activities of police officers. Physical training is an integral part of the life of every policeman, which allows you to maintain health, improve performance and strengthen the spiritual and moral qualities of the individual. For the contingent of students studying within the walls of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the discipline "Physical training" is of particular importance, since its development is aimed at achieving a sufficient level of physical fitness for the successful performance of their official duties.

It is established that the changes that directly affected the educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia were caused not only by the above-mentioned changes in the entire educational system, but also by external factors and society. In the era of rapid development of society and technical innovations, the requirements for the internal affairs bodies, whose immediate task is to protect society from criminal encroachments and injustice, have also changed. In addition, the introduction of modern technologies into the practice of physical training of police officers sets the task for the teaching staff of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to form students' motivation to study as such. However, motivation alone is often not enough in the educational process, students of educational organizations should be aware of the need for the knowledge provided, want to learn and be trained, constantly reach for new knowledge in order to improve the efficiency of their work, and not to pass certification and exams.

It is concluded that it is necessary to pay attention to modern technologies, since this concept is voluminous and may imply the use of, for example, modern pedagogical technologies or digitalization of the educational process, etc. When using new pedagogical technologies, we are talking about the formation of innovative methods and systems of the educational process. The most important thing is to understand that this primarily affects teachers who are trying to introduce new methods, draw knowledge from the history and experience of other countries and specialists, or try to develop their own unique methodology.

This article examines the trends and prospects of digitalization of physical training implemented in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Digital learning format is a teaching method that uses various technologies, such as the Internet, computer programs, multimedia resources, mobile applications, etc., to provide lectures, trainings and other lessons in an online format. This method of learning provides flexibility, accessibility and convenience for listeners, allowing them to learn at their own speed and anytime and anywhere. Each student can receive personalized training, as well as use interactive tools to communicate with the teacher and other students to get answers to their questions. Various methods can be used in the digital learning format, including video tutorials, online webinars, personal online meetings, electronic textbooks and many other modern tools to improve the effectiveness of education.

It is established that digital technologies are a constant source of improving the quality of education in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. In addition, digital technologies play a significant role in the popularization of sports and a healthy lifestyle. They provide access to a huge amount of information about healthy eating, training and physical activities. This allows people to realize the importance of a healthy lifestyle and increase their knowledge of how to achieve this.

It is concluded that as a result of the digital transformation of the educational process in the framework of the discipline "Physical Training", one can count on a more effective organization of training, a higher level of motivation of students, improvement of their physical fitness and further health.

This article examines the importance of physical training for police officers who attend retraining and advanced training programs of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia from the point of view of scientific support. Physical training helps police officers to keep their health and physical condition in good shape. They experience less injury and fatigue, easier to endure long periods of tension and stress, which is also important for their effective work.

In educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, physical training is one of the key disciplines, without which it is impossible to serve in the police. A policeman must withstand heavy physical exertion, be fast, agile and hardy. That is why training and sports are an integral part of the professional training of every police officer. In addition, sports and training allow not only to physically strengthen the body, but also to develop such important qualities as discipline, perseverance and self-control. In their work, police officers face dangerous situations that require a quick and adequate response.

As for the use of the latest scientific achievements in the training of students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, we note that they can contribute to improving their efficiency and safety, as well as reducing the risk of injury. Modern techniques make it possible to monitor and analyze biochemical processes in the human body during training, which contributes to more accurate regulation of the intensity of exercises and the selection of load volumes suitable to the intensity for each policeman individually.

Thus, in the context under consideration, physical training in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia can be designated as a set of special classes aimed at developing the physical qualities of students, allowing them to achieve high sports results.

This article examines the expectations and risks of digitalization of the educational process in physical training.

Over the past 10 years, digital technologies have become firmly embedded in departmental training and even at the legislative level have received the status of a tool that can be used by the educational process. E-learning systems, online courses, and offline digital learning opportunities are also emerging. There is an active dynamic in the development of digital education. Digital education in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia is gradually becoming part of the natural learning process. However, its implementation is not perfect, and problems arise in the process that need to be solved as soon as possible. In order for the teacher to be able to navigate the new format of work, it is necessary to prepare him for a new type of information presentation. And this requires the development of a new scientific strategy for training personnel in educational organizations. At the same time, not only the introduction of new forms of training is being considered, but also the development of methods and algorithms by which the professional activities of the contingent of students – police officers - will be carried out. It is necessary to develop special methods of training qualified personnel for the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, to involve them in professional activities. At the same time, the teacher must retain the ability to creatively approach the learning process in order to develop within the profession. In any educational process, the teacher plays a primary role, since it is he who is the conductor of information that becomes understandable and accessible to students. Therefore, in the digital learning process, it is important to think through the strategy of the educational organization correctly, to provide the teacher with the necessary support.

It is concluded that positive results of digitalization can be achieved if teachers and students have sufficient computer literacy, high-quality software development and provision of appropriate technical means to educational organizations and students that reduce possible risks.

At present, the fight against extremism and terrorism is acquiring a serious problem. It is important for the Russian state to study the issues of improving anti-extremist and counter-terrorist activities. In modern realities associated with the exacerbation of geopolitical conflicts in the post-Soviet space, the Russian Federation is faced with international disapproval of its foreign and domestic policy, which is expressed through the imposition of sanctions by many foreign states. Despite the fact that sanctions are of an economic nature, they currently have a very systemic negative impact on the development of Russian society. Against the background of manifestations of external sanctions pressure, there is an active development of extremist and terrorist behavior, which is directly related to the destabilization of public consciousness in the above-mentioned realities. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the process of transformation of the modern extremist and terrorist ideology, which has become widespread on the territory of the Russian state, under the conditions of external sanctions pressure. The author comes to the conclusion that extremism and terrorism as destructive phenomena are steadily developing primarily due to the presence of a stable ideological component, which is actively transformed in the context of many processes taking place in the state and society. Attention is focused on specific manifestations of external sanctions pressure in the process of the modern functioning of the Russian state and society (the economic crisis, which manifested itself in the destabilization of certain sectors of the economy; the lack of certain goods and services that have completely left the Russian market; an increase in unemployment; a decrease in the welfare of the population due to the growth prices and the need to redistribute resources in the context of meeting the needs of a special military operation; destabilization of the banking and credit system of the Russian state, which is being gradually overcome at the present time). It is noted the need to take into account these manifestations in order to improve anti-extremist and counter-terrorism activities.

The sanctions imposed by foreign states on the territory of the Russian Federation are mainly of an economic nature. However, in modern realities, their multidimensional influence on the development of Russian society is observed. Separate economic crisis situations, a decrease in the level of well-being of the population, a shortage of specific goods and services - these circumstances significantly contribute to the growth of social tension in society, which is one of the main factors in activating the spread of extremist and terrorist ideology. Given the fact that in recent years the number of extremist crimes has significantly increased and quite a lot of terrorist acts have been prevented, questions arise about the effectiveness of modern mechanisms for combating extremism and terrorism in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the presented study is to analyze the existing mechanisms for countering the development of extremist and terrorist behavior and evaluate their effectiveness in the context of the sanctions policy pursued by foreign states. The author comes to the conclusion that in modern conditions, preventive and preventive activities in the framework of the fight against the above-mentioned illegal phenomena seem to be a priority. At the same time, it should be focused not only on the application of special law enforcement measures, but also on the resolution of existing socio-economic problems. Attention is focused on the existing problems of combating the development of extremist and terrorist behavior in the context of foreign sanctions (intensification of anti-Russian information impact, the dynamics of the transformation of the ideology of extremism and terrorism, a high degree of youth involvement in extremist and terrorist activities). The need for their prompt resolution is noted, which will significantly increase the effectiveness of the fight against the development of extremism and terrorism in Russian society.

The problems of extremism and terrorism affect the interests of many modern states. In the Russian Federation, there is currently a significant increase in the interest of the population in extremist and terrorist views and ideas. This trend is relevant for young people, who react sharply to all international and domestic processes. Representatives of this category of the population are considered the most vulnerable to involvement in illegal activities of the above-mentioned direction, since they are characterized by a certain psycho-emotional instability and ideological immaturity. The purpose of the present study is to analyze modern mechanisms for combating extremism and terrorism among young people, identify existing problems and identify the most promising areas for their solution and the corresponding improvement of anti-extremist and counter-terrorism activities. The author comes to the conclusion that despite the close attention on the part of the state to the organization and implementation of anti-extremist and counter-terrorism activities against young people, the measures taken do not demonstrate the necessary effectiveness. It is noted the need to improve the existing mechanisms for combating these illegal phenomena and their spread among young people in terms of expanding the subjects of anti-extremist and counter-terrorism activities, developing the forms and methods of combating extremism and terrorism used in educational organizations, as well as comprehensively using the potential of the Internet for formation of anti-extremist and counter-terrorist ideology in the minds of young people. Attention is focused on the potential positive impact of the formulated proposals for improving the work being done.

The purpose of this study is to study the problematic aspects in identifying and suppressing ways of financing destructive organizations. Terrorists are trying to legalize the receipt of funds under the guise of economic and commercial transactions. In order to identify such operations, it is necessary to conduct a serious analysis of economic information. So, if law enforcement officers know the ways in which money flows move and get to terrorists, they will be able to block the flow of funds to terrorist organizations, which is also an effective counteraction measure. To obtain the necessary funds, the creation of one-day firms is often used, which cease to exist after the transaction is completed. These firms help to cash out funds or, conversely, transfer them to cashless. An important point is that such money was obtained illegally, but it is no longer possible to bring such a company to justice because of its liquidation. It is established that information interaction between different structures plays a key role in the investigation of not only illegal financial turnover, but also crimes related to the financing of terrorist organizations and their activities. Many crimes are disguised as the legal activities of merchants, which greatly complicates their detection and investigation.

It is concluded that the terrorists have learned to falsify the data of employees allegedly working for them in a one-day company. The organization may employ people who actually have nothing to do with it. These are the so-called "dead souls". Certain amounts are received into the settlement accounts of these people as a salary, after that, with the help of various online services, "employees" transfer money to terrorists.

The purpose of this article is to reflect the methods of countering the involvement of young people in extremist groups, as well as the main risk groups that are attractive to recruiters. The work touches on certain aspects of youth involvement, causes, as well as ways. Considerable attention is paid to preventive measures, which, according to the author, should affect various segments of the population: schoolchildren, students, teachers, psychologists, parents. The emphasis is placed on the fact that at the federal level, the training of psychologists of the Department of Internal Affairs should be carried out according to the program of countering the technologies of involving the population in extremist and terrorist groups.

Conclusions: The problem of countering the involvement of young people is very acute today. The main risk group is adolescents from 14 years old and young people up to 35 years old. The wide range of techniques used by recruiters for these purposes is more than diverse: NLP, "brainwashing", gaining trust, "love attack", etc. Persons who carry out the "selection" of young people, as a rule, are professional psychologists who have undergone special training.

The methods of counteraction include targeted educational training of professional psychologists within the framework of training in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in order to develop psychological mechanisms for countering extremist communities.

It is necessary to work with schoolchildren, students, their parents, as well as teachers and psychologists, organize meetings, demonstrate educational films where, in clear language, simple examples explain how destructive work directed against the younger generation takes place.

In our opinion, it is necessary to carry out diagnostic procedures for the propensity to engage, as well as personal growth trainings aimed at self-acceptance by young people.

The purpose of this study is to study issues related to the analysis of Russian and international legislative regulation of cyberterrorist crimes. Cyberterrorism tends to develop; it is because of this that law enforcement agencies will have to rebuild their system with respect to new requirements. It will take the development of a whole system capable of ensuring an effective fight against this type of crime. The development of a digital society in the modern world and Russia, in particular, depends on how effectively law enforcement agencies will be able to resist cybercrime, what measures will be taken to prevent, disclose and investigate terrorist crimes, what regulatory legal acts will be developed to regulate this sphere of public relations. The concept of cyberterrorism is enshrined at the legislative level in the United States and Ukraine, although the problem of cyberterrorism is widespread and is relevant for most countries of the world. In the UK, the concept of terrorist acts is clearly defined and enshrined in the Terrorism Act 2000. The same law also notes such an act as "serious damage to electronic systems". There is no special composition called "cyberterrorism" in the act. The French Criminal Code has an expanded classification of crimes related to terrorist activities. This area is still open, so the criminalization of acts can expand. The Belgian legislation has a similar approach. The very concept of cyberterrorism exists, there is an understanding that this phenomenon poses a danger to the state, but the term has not been reflected in the current legislation. In the People's Republic of China (PRC), there is a generalized concept that contains the concept of cyberterrorism. In Russian practice, even if the crime was committed using digital technologies, Article 205.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Public calls to carry out terrorist activities, public justification of terrorism or propaganda of terrorism" is used. The choice of such a measure is due to the fact that communication between people is often carried out via the Internet.

The relevance of the study of the current state of extremism and terrorism, taking into account the level of development they have achieved, is explained by the fact that digital and IT technologies are experiencing a phase of rapid progress, as a result of which criminals can more actively use these achievements for the purpose of more effective and broad-based activities.

The purpose of this study is to identify digital extremism and terrorism, the emergence of which is due to the currently complex criminological situation, the emergence of new threats from the criminal world and new types of crimes. The emergence and development of these phenomena is largely a consequence of unresolved conflicts in society, the emergence of acute contradictions in various areas of social and state activity.

The objectives of the study are to substantiate ways to improve the counteraction to digital extremism and terrorism. It has been established that organizations conducting activities of a terrorist and/or extremist nature develop more actively the more people become users of messengers and social networks. Facebook Instagram, Twitter and many other programs such as WhatsApp, Viber, Telegram, Facebook platforms and many others are intensively used by criminals for illegal purposes. With their help, they can regulate their activities much more effectively, attract new supporters, conduct financial collections, publish various kinds of materials aimed at attracting attention, agitating terrorist and extremist activities. Thanks to modern social networks and messengers, criminals form autonomous cells, recruit activists, raise funds for the implementation of acts aimed at harming individual citizens, structures and the whole state.

It is concluded that the formation of new types of these crimes implies an increase in the need to review and modernize strategic and tactical decisions in the field of combating them, which should be carried out not only at the level of a particular country, but also in the international community as a whole.

Modern society is experiencing a serious problem - youth infantilism, which often develops into criminal acts. Juvenile delinquency occupies a special place in the overall structure of crime, and countering it is designated as a priority area of the criminal policy of the Russian state.

Legislation provides for a flexible approach to criminal proceedings against minors. He takes into account that, due to their age and psychophysiological characteristics, this category of offenders cannot be full-fledged subjects of criminal procedural legal relations. At the same time, within the framework of the implementation of certain investigative and procedural actions, the priority task of the preliminary investigation bodies is to observe and ensure the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of minors.

In order to determine the specifics of ensuring the rights of minors during the preliminary investigation, the author analyzes the specifics of criminal proceedings in relation to this category of offenders and considers the procedural features of the implementation of certain investigative actions involving minors.

On the basis of the study, the author proposes to amend the criminal procedure legislation governing the conduct of a preliminary investigation, providing additional guarantees for ensuring the rights of a minor.

Many state authorities are fighting manifestations of extremism. However, the main powers within the framework of this activity are assigned to the internal affairs bodies. Despite the effectiveness of the process of identifying, suppressing and investigating illegal acts of an extremist orientation, this phenomenon is actively developing and transforming in Russian society. Among the current trends in the spread of extremist ideology, one should single out the significant interest of certain categories of the population in the corresponding illegal ideas and views. The involvement of young people in the above processes is the most pronounced. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the measures taken by the internal affairs bodies to counter youth extremism in the educational environment. The author comes to the conclusion that educational organizations are an important platform for the organization and implementation of complex anti-extremist activities in relation to youth, including through interaction with internal affairs bodies. Attention is focused on the fact that by now there are many ways of joint activities of internal affairs bodies and educational organizations in order to combat the spread of extremist activities among young people. The need for close contact between the above-mentioned subjects of anti-extremist activities is noted, including in order to take into account the specifics of youth groups in specific educational institutions in the process of organizing and holding joint events. Recommendations on the interaction of internal affairs bodies with educational organizations are formulated and the prospects for using specific forms and methods of anti-extremist activities are determined, which can be used to improve the efficiency of the relevant work.

Extremism and terrorism are negative phenomena that have a destructive effect on public life and the development of the state. Today, these problems are quite relevant, discussed and require solutions. These phenomena harm not only the state integrity and security, but also violate the rights of citizens, undermine their mental and physical health. Modern times presuppose the existence of developed anti-terrorist legislation. But along with it, radical criminal activity develops and expands. The sophistication of criminals can be traced in their transition from reality to virtual space, where competent propaganda work and propaganda against less protected segments of the population are also carried out. These phenomena are not just negative, but also quite difficult to perceive, despite the detailed and extensive coverage in the scientific literature. The authors do not have a common understanding of these categories. One of the main tasks of the state is countering extremism and those.

This article examines the key aspects of the emergence of terrorist manifestations in sports. In its simplest form, sports terrorism consists mainly of threats against athletes or sports facilities used by athletes. These threats can be verbal or physical, from simple harassment to assault or even murder. The motives for such actions can be very different and include political gain or religious fanaticism, as well as ordinary hatred and revenge. However, regardless of motivation, the fact remains that athletes are particularly vulnerable targets for this kind of terrorism, as they are public figures who often demonstrate a strong personal ideology, which can make them an easy target for those who seek to terrorize their peers.

It has been established that any sporting event is an ideal target for any terrorist organization, since it is well known that their main idea is: more victims – more efficiency. As a rule, the goals of such terrorist attacks are political. And at any competition, a large number of people often gather in one, rather small room, secondly, people's vigilance weakens, since all attention is focused on the match or fight, thirdly, it is quite difficult to form a guard that could ensure the safety of every person who is at the event.

It is concluded that the trend of terrorism development in the sports environment causes an increase in crimes among fans. In order to counteract this phenomenon, it is necessary to develop measures that will reduce the percentage of crimes committed, and also do not forget the work of police officers in social networks, in order to prevent the spread of ultra-right, fascist and other ideologies among young people, which is also very important, because currently the fan movement is strongly focused on young people and their involvement in fan groups that often promote nationalist beliefs and many other terrorist or extremist beliefs.

The purpose of this study is to study the emergence and ways of development of digital extremism and terrorism. It has been established that extremism creates the necessary prerequisites for the emergence and conduct of terrorist activities, and it can be said that it is connected with terrorism both directly and indirectly. The conducted research allows us to say that already today about 80% of such crimes are carried out with the help of digital technologies. It can also be concluded that an extensive layer of extremist crimes simply turns out to be beyond the attention of criminological statistics, which is due to a number of factors: insufficiently well-developed methods for detecting criminal activity on the Internet; lack of specialists involved in ensuring IT security; insufficiently high qualifications and practice among employees of IT organizations. In addition, the actions of extremists and terrorists, both single criminals and organizations, are transnational, and within the framework of progress in the field of IT technologies, they significantly affect economic and political foundations. Criminals are trying to use maximum opportunities to spread ideas of hatred, superiority based on race, religion or nationality, and carry out extremist activities. A huge number of sites have been registered on the network, which are not only official platforms for such organizations, but are also used to spread false perceptions of real events, as well as fake information, fundraising, and publishing reports on actions taken.

It is concluded that organizations conducting terrorist and extremist activities skillfully take advantage of the growing discontent of citizens, socio-economic problems and political tensions caused by the pandemic. Also, the increase in the percentage of people mastering the virtual space indirectly affects the growth of criminal activity. Terrorists and extremists make extensive use of the Internet, and their level of competence in dealing with digital technologies is steadily increasing. Many similar organizations place special emphasis on the use of social networks and messengers for mass mailings containing illegal information (for example, aimed at attracting supporters, mastering legalization, fraud).

In the realities of modern times, organized crime has become widespread. Organized crime is a phenomenon that has many interrelated manifestations. As in all times, at present, the trends in the spread of the level consider it along with the problems of our time. Organized crime is a complex problem of modern society, which has a destructive impact on all sectors and spheres of society. Among the forms of organized crime, an organized group, a criminal organization and a criminal community are distinguished. These forms, in turn, are designed to commit certain types of crimes, including: organized terrorism and extremism, assassinations, corruption, illegal trafficking in nuclear materials, technologies, drugs, weapons, criminal gambling, trafficking in human beings and their organs. [1]. The legal basis for combating organized crime is Federal Law No. 46-FZ dated April 1, 2019 “On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation with regard to combating organized crime”. The purpose of the scientific article is to get acquainted with the basic concepts, features, signs, forms and types, as well as consider some aspects of combating organized crime in the Russian Federation. In the work, the author considers such issues as the concept, signs, features and types of organized crime, and some aspects of combating organized crime in the Russian Federation. [2].

At present, the institution of necessary defense is an effective means of preventing crime. This institution plays an important role in the system of protecting a person from illegal actions and is guaranteed by the state as acceptable and not entailing responsibility for the defender.

The institution of necessary defense plays an important role in solving the problems of criminal law, guaranteeing the rights of persons who have been attacked and who have managed to protect their rights and other persons, the interests of society and the state. At the same time, the complexity of the institution under consideration leads to errors in the application of its norms in practice, as well as to discussions in the scientific community.

In order to correctly understand the essence of necessary defense, the author analyzes the legal nature of the phenomenon under study, highlights the conditions and criteria for the legality of actions of a person in a state of necessary defense. The article outlines the problematic aspects of the application of the institution under consideration, related to the determination of the time during which actions are recognized as committed in a state of necessary defense, as well as the qualification of actions of persons when the limits of necessary defense are exceeded.

In the 21st century, along with information technology, cybercrime is also developing. The methods of cyber fraudsters are progressing, new ways are being invented to bypass security systems and services. For the state, counteracting cybercrime is becoming strategically important. In this regard, security systems are being improved, departments and departments for combating cybercrime appear, IT security departments are being formed in organizations, and their activities are expanding every year. Cybercrime is widespread and dangerous. So, it can be such crimes as hacking passwords from sites and pages, up to ordering by special services of different countries from anonymous groups of attacks on government organizations of unfriendly countries. It should be noted that in each subsequent year the number of attacks and the amount of payments to hackers increase. Cyber attacks happen all the time. Most of all, criminals are interested in educational, research, government and military sites. Cybersecurity legislation is constantly evolving in response to new threats and increasing damage caused by evolving cybercrime. In addition, work is constantly underway to enhance the activities of state regulators and law enforcement agencies to protect the interests of the state and society. The foregoing indicates the relevance of the topic chosen for the study. It is planned to consider the concept, some types and forms of cybercrime, methods of protection against cybercriminals, as well as problems associated with combating cybercrime in the Russian Federation.

Transport infrastructure is one of the high-risk industries. The vehicle is recognized as a source of increased danger. The wide distribution of vehicles, the multiplicity of their types, as well as the increased danger of their use, necessitate a detailed regulation of the responsibility of persons for committing transport offenses in general, and crimes against traffic safety and transport operation in particular.

The most important role in the mechanism for ensuring road safety is assigned to preventive activities focused on anticipatory impact on the factors that contribute to the spread of illegal behavior among road users. It is noted that this activity should fully take into account the current trends that are manifested in society and the state.

The author concludes that propaganda work prevails in the mechanism for combating crimes in the field of road safety. At the same time, it is noted that the main emphasis should be placed on the use of information and communication technologies, which are the main source of information for the bulk of the country's population. For these purposes, the author concludes that it is expedient to develop and approve recommendations for using the Internet to promote road safety.

National security is of the utmost importance for any country. In the current geopolitical conditions of the conflict with Ukraine, in order to ensure the stable functioning of the Russian state, it is important not only to develop domestic policy, but also to improve the capabilities of the armed forces. Currently, there is a tendency for the spread of criminal behavior among persons directly related to military service. This fact is clearly demonstrated by a significant increase in the number of criminal acts committed in this area in recent years. In this context, many questions arise regarding the organization and implementation of the fight against crimes against military service.

The purpose of the present study is to analyze the mechanisms for combating crimes against military service in the Russian Federation. The author comes to the conclusion that modern mechanisms for combating crimes against military service are distinguished by their qualitative originality, since we are talking about the fight against criminal behavior spread among persons engaged in military service activities. Attention is focused on the existing problems in the functioning of the above mechanisms (misunderstanding by the population of the essence of the ongoing foreign and domestic policy of the Russian state in modern realities; the effectiveness of anti-Russian propaganda carried out by foreign states; the vulnerability of the information security of the Russian state, including in terms of large-scale dissemination of false information). The need for effective preventive and preventive activities is noted, taking into account current trends in the spread of criminal views among military personnel and persons in reserve during military training.

The unstable socio-political situation in the country and the world calls for paying special attention to ensuring the rights of the most vulnerable categories of citizens, which include convicts. Ensuring the rule of law in the bodies and institutions of the penitentiary system is a determining criterion for the effectiveness of their functioning. The most effective way to ensure the rule of law in the penitentiary should be recognized as control and supervision, which in the penitentiary sphere is most widely represented by such types as public control and prosecutorial supervision.

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid by the state to the issues of improving control and supervision activities in various spheres of life. This article discusses some of the problematic aspects of the implementation of control and supervision in the penitentiary system, and also identifies areas for improving these activities.

In order to ensure the rights of convicts and the enforcement of legislation by penitentiary institutions, the author substantiates the expediency of securing the possibility of exercising public control using remote technologies. It is noted that the preventive function should prevail in the control and supervisory activities, which to the greatest extent will guarantee the legality of the activities of all subjects of the penitentiary system.

The purpose of this study is some psychological characteristics of professional activity of the penitentiary system officers. Performing their professional duties, the officers of the penitentiary system must combine both coercive and humanistic approaches of work.

The objective of the study is to conduct an analysis of preventive activity in overcoming professional deformation as one of the tasks of educational work conducted with the penitentiary system officers. When analyzing the professional activities of officers of the operational units of the penitentiary system, the main psychological feature and stress factor is the real danger and the need for constant focus. The risk factors are the "everyday" situations that officers face: prisoner conflicts, sexual abuse of weaker prisoners, the sight of human suffering. All these aspects are capable of causing professional deformation.

Conclusions: the author draws attention to the signs and consequences of professional deformation, which are often aggravated by the influence of a criminal element on a penitentiary officer, which also occurs. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out preventive and educational measures.

Public Prosecutor’s Officers (hereinafter referred to as the PPO) play an important role in society and the State. They are the link in the system of public order protection and the internal affairs agencies, which closely cooperates with the population in the course of their work in the administrative districts served.

The PPO ensures the security of the territory of the served area, carries out preventive work and takes measures to prevent, detect and suppress offences and crimes.

The PPO acts as a bridge between the public and law enforcement, helping the police to detect offences and crimes at an early stage, which enables them to react quickly and prevent their further spread. The Public Prosecutor’s Officer reports on the state of the operational environment in the served area, enabling the Department of Internal Affairs to plan its work effectively and to fulfil its mandated functions and responsibilities.

Peculiarities of the service of the Public Prosecutor’s Officer as well as its forms are considered by a number of authors [4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 16].

The purpose of the article is to consider the activities of the PPO, the forms in which it is carried out, in accordance with the Federal Law no. 3-FZ “On Police” dated on February 7, 2011, Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia of March 29, 2019 No. 205 “On the Service of a Public Prosecutor’s Officer in the served administrative area and the organization of this activity”

The author made a conclusion about the importance of the role of the Public Prosecutor’s Officer in the prevention and suppression of offences, crimes, as well as the significance of the implementation of service activities in all five forms of service.

Based on the analysis of the regulatory framework governing the activities of the PPO, the completeness of its legal regulation, the positive result of the activities of Public Prosecutor’s Officer, the combination of various areas of service in five forms is noted.

The patrol police service (hereinafter referred to as PPSP) is the main means of combating crime on the street, in transport, in public places. The effective work of the patrol service ensures the observance of the rights of citizens and the protection of their property from various encroachments. In this regard, control over the activities of this unit is of particular importance for the state and society.

The construction of a completely new legal system in modern Russia and the reform of all institutions of the state raise the importance of the activity of the police patrol service as the main state structure for ensuring law and order and public security to a new level.

The 2021 Manual provides a comprehensive list of the tasks and functions of the SWSP. Special means and physical force are used by the PPSP employees in accordance with Chapter 5 of the Law “On Police”. Units of the PSPP may be involved in other activities not listed in the Manual, only in accordance with the regulatory legal acts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Also, in accordance with the normative legal acts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the staff of the police patrol service is completed. Each of them bears equal responsibility in accordance with the law, regardless of their position.

The current state of the PPSP units is the result of the activities of more than one generation. Initially, they were formed during the Great Patriotic War. Most of the police officers went to the front. The rights and duties of all policemen who remained in the field have greatly expanded. They were engaged not only in their direct duties, but now they were also fighting desertion, looting, theft of goods, the capture of spies, the evacuation of the population, etc. The article discusses some aspects of the formation and current state of the police patrol service.

Conducting a theoretical and legal analysis of the limits of restrictions on the rights and freedoms of a special category of individuals - foreign citizens and stateless persons in modern realities, due to global globalization processes, migration crises and geopolitical conflicts - this is the purpose of this work.

The rights and obligations of foreign citizens and stateless persons are generally similar to citizens of the host country. At the same time, at the level of individual states, exceptions are established in the form of restrictions on individual rights and freedoms, the limits of which are regulated in the Basic Laws of the states. Restrictions on the rights and freedoms of these subjects is a dynamic phenomenon, and within the framework of their legislative consolidation, it is mandatory to fully take into account the existing social and legal realities.

This circumstance determines the expediency of a theoretical and legal study of the limits of restrictions on the rights and freedoms of foreign citizens and stateless persons, which can become a guideline for legislators and law enforcers in terms of fixing the permissible behavior of this category of individuals.

The author substantiates that the purposefulness of the relevant restrictive impact on the behavior of foreign citizens and stateless persons is carried out by establishing specific limits formulated in the form of constitutional principles. It is noted that the legislative form of regulation of restrictions on human rights and freedoms is mandatory.

Places of detention are a complex social phenomenon that requires great attention from the state. But, despite this, even if there are norms in the legislation that guarantee the rights of prisoners, the reality, unfortunately, dictates a completely different picture.

Today, many prisoners face various kinds of violations of their rights. This can be both physical and psychological abuse by prison staff, as well as health problems, lack of access to education or work.

Human rights organizations need to actively participate in the process of improving the situation in this area. No prisoner should be deprived of their rights, and the solution of this problem should become a priority task of the state.

Human rights bodies should not only monitor the events taking place in places of detention, but also provide legal support not only to prisoners, but also to their families.

It is important that the state allocates sufficient funding for these organizations. This will help qualified professionals to more effectively fight for the rights of prisoners and create conditions under which prisoners will not be deprived of their rights.

Finally, along with the bodies of human rights activities, other social institutions also need to participate. For example, educational institutions play an important role here, helping prisoners to rehabilitate and embark on the path of correction.

Purpose of the study. Issues of theoretical understanding of economic crimes under the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are being considered, noting that there is currently no common perception of economic crimes. The author marks that the category of "economic crimes" is relative, because there is no normative definition of such a social phenomenon in Russian criminal legislation. In some legal sources, however, the term is used unambiguously.

The author concludes that section VIII of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Crimes in the sphere of economy" includes a fairly extensive list of criminal acts, however, chapter 22 included in it has a narrow content that does not cover many forms of criminal behaviour of an economic orientation.