Vol 16, No 4 (2020)

The main purpose of this article is to reveal the impact of digital technologies on the formation and development of human capital, to clarify some of the provisions of its General theory and to make appropriate critical comments. The article is based on the study of literary sources presented in the open press and on specialized websites of the Internet. As a result of the research, it was shown that the impact of digitalization on the company's employees can be direct and indirect. The first has a direct impact on its physical or mental state, which is otherwise impossible to implement; the second-creates conditions that facilitate the formation and development of human capital and has an infrastructure character. The article suggests that the active introduction of digital technologies may lead to the emergence of «digital capital» based on artificial intelligence and its replacement in a relatively limited scale of human capital.

The global trend of the globalization of the economy and the increasing integration of national economies into global financial and economic processes are increasing the opportunities for the participation of all countries, including the Russian Federation in the international division of labour and foreign economic activities. At the same time, along with the positive consequences of the implementation of these trends, serious, constantly growing problems arise that significantly complicate the development of the Russian economy. One of these «chronic» problems is, in particular, the «capital outflow», which in turn is a threat to the economic security of the country.

In the context of the economic crisis caused by the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 small and medium businesses suffered the most. These enterprises are the key in ensuring overall economic growth. The purpose of this study is to develop recommendations for improving the state strategy for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the digitalization of the economy. Considering the functioning of institutions, the authors conclude that the current support measures come down to manual control. It is necessary to build a unified strategy for supporting small and medium-sized businesses, which will be based on knowledge of economic cybernetics. The dynamic model of interbranch-intersectoral balance developed by N.I. Veduta can become a digital platform for implementing a long-term strategy. In this regard, the authors propose criteria for the development and implementation of the state strategy, as well as build scenarios for the development of small and medium-sized businesses, depending on the concept of digitalization. Among them are compliance with the principle of unity of the state, small and medium-sized businesses, large companies and society, a balance of interests and indicators; priority development and support of enterprises engaged in the production of means of production; the principle of consistency of the strategy with all legal acts in the country and other strategies; the principle of consistency of goals, stages and implementation plans, scheduled by date, space and performers; the principle of dynamism and timely iterations; the principle of economic efficiency and work in the general direction of improving the welfare of the population; the principle of quantitative indicators reflecting the development of the control object in real time. The article considers two scenarios of digitalization of the economy - technical (in the interests of large IT companies) and in the framework of economic cybernetics. The authors conclude that the second approach allow for the proportional development of economic sectors and the construction of production chains of interaction between small and medium-sized businesses with large companies and the state.

For the world community, 2020 marked the beginning of change on a global scale. Pulmonary disease epidemic, which spread at a lightning speed throughout the globe, not only exposed the negative aspects of globalization, multicultural society and single economic plateaus, but also provided opportunities for the formation of new trends in economic management. In isolation, positive dynamics were observed in areas with on-line trade opportunities, and negative in traditional energy markets. In this regard, the author carried out a comprehensive analysis of the financial instruments used on the exchange, which made it possible to form a comparative characteristic of hedging, option, futures, derivative and forward. The relationship between the values of wood and the forest area on which it grows has been established and presented by the inequality system. Methods of compounding and discounting are considered in detail, on the basis of which a mechanism for determining the net present value of the cost of growing forest plantations as a capital benefit is proposed. The author gives a calculation of the costs of growing ordinary pine seedlings, and a comparison of the weighted average interest rate on deposits (in rubles) and average inflation, made it possible to prove the investment attractiveness of forestry not only for private business, but also for the state. The study provides an overview of the practices of leading «forest» States on interest rates applied to forest investment. In the conclusion of the article, the author concludes that compensatory risk management in the forest industry is possible using the hedging mechanism of measures by concluding forward contracts for the cultivation of seedlings of a certain tree species.

The purpose of the study is to identify the main steps required to increase the potential of the Russian Federation in the field of medical tourism. To achieve this goal, the authors solved such problems as an overview of the current state of the world medical tourism market, an assessment of the positive and negative aspects of the state of medical tourism in the Russian Federation. Results. Well-developed medical tourism can play an essential role in the formation of the revenue side of the state budget, especially if the conditions for increasing the volume of domestic medical tourism are met. For a correct assessment of the effectiveness of medical tourism, it is advisable to keep a separate record of medical tourists - foreign citizens for whom receiving medical care is the main or an accompanying purpose of staying in the Russian Federation, and citizens of other states who have arrived in the country to earn money, their family members that receiving paid medical services. It is also necessary to amend the current legislation on health care to determine the legal status of a medical worker and make medical professional liability insurance mandatory.

Introduction. All structural socio-economic transformations involve property relations. The complexity of the market economy in the era of digitalization, the desire of economic agents to create new, effective models of management with the participation of public and private capital is accompanied by the activation of transformational processes of property relations. There is a need for appropriate theoretical research on the problems of property that meets the interests and needs of the digital society and, first of all, it is necessary to determine the direction of development of the theory of property, focused on ensuring a technological breakthrough in the economy. The article sets and solves the following tasks: 1) the needs of the subjects of property rights in the digital society are identified; 2) new digital objects of property relations associated with intellectual property are identified, and the problems of their introduction into civil law circulation are identified; 3) the directions of development of the theory of property in the conditions of digitalization of society are allocated. Materials and Methods. The article uses the materials of the fundamental research work of the financial University, the results of statistical analysis of the problems of the digital economy conducted by the Higher School of Economics, the data of Federal projects implemented under the national program «Digital economy of the Russian Federation». Traditional methods of scientific cognition, comparative categorical analysis, expert assessments were used in the formation of directions of development of the theory of property in the conditions of digitalization of the economy. Results. It is proved that the General direction of development of the theory of ownership associated with theoretical-methodological issues of economic relations of ownership in which the property brings the subject to income (profits) and legal of property relations in which the subject property is the property subject to the rights of the subject. It is revealed that the satisfaction of basic digital needs of the population in Russia (access to the Internet and mobile communications, trust in the use of personal data by various organizations) is only 37%. The necessity of meeting the needs of the digital society in Russia in the legal regulation of the digital environment, the formation of personnel with digital competences in the development of information infrastructure, the effective use of digital technologies in providing information security, digitization of public services, including education and health. Digital objects of property relations, including those associated with intellectual property, and the problems of their introduction into civil law are defined. The directions of development of the theory of property arising from the identified needs of the digital society are concretized. Summary. The identified needs of the digital society allowed to form actual directions of development of the theory of ownership, which can serve as a scientific and methodological basis for the formation of the institutional environment of the digital society and ensure a technological breakthrough in the economy.

Task. In order to improve labor productivity and the quality of its results, modern business scales the use of software products for working with data and robotic solutions in relation to routine operations performed by employees and requiring them to focus their attention while following a constant algorithm of work. With the rapid development of the IT industry, the transition to robotization of some operations seems inevitable, affecting various areas of economic turnover. At the same time, accounting and auditing activities are also continuously influenced by trends in the information technology market, and this can be found both advantages and disadvantages and possible limitations. Model. The methodological apparatus of audit at the present stage is based on a risk-oriented concept, which is characterized not only by the presence of risks inherent in the audit, but also by the ability to use a differentiated approach to the analysis of source data. At the same time, the future of audit is not conceivable in isolation from the use of innovative technologies. Even now, auditors conduct information retrieval procedures based on a specific algorithm for data collection and analysis, as well as apply analytical methods for processing this data, along with elements of automation of operations. Conclusions. The future development of audit can no longer be imagined without the use of modern technological solutions aimed at improving the speed and quality of information processing, the volume of which is constantly increasing. At the same time, the auditor's task is to regularly improve professional knowledge, as well as to train knowledge and skills in the use of information technologies and ensuring information security at all stages of audit activity. Of course, following the innovative path of development both in the field of audit and in other areas of economic activity requires serious changes in the legal framework, requirements for professional training, principles of work organization and the way of life itself. Practical importance. The practical significance of the article is that the conclusions and proposals are aimed at increasing the emphasis on motivating auditors to improve their knowledge and competence not only in the economic subject area, but also in other subject areas. Originality. The study conducted by the authors revealed that the new reality has changed the attitude to audit as the main research tool of business. Using this irreplaceable tool allows the organization to take a leading position, ensuring the success and prosperity of the organization.

Objectives: to determine the role of educational institutions in the process of legal education of schoolchildren; to establish the place and significance of legal education in the framework of educational and extracurricular school processes; to identify the relationship of various types of education in relation to legal education; to highlight the criteria for the implementation of legal education by educational institutions; determine the content of legal educational activities at school; to designate the system of subjects of legal education in educational institutions; to analyze the problem of the level of legal training of the main subjects of legal educational activities in educational institutions; to determine the specifics of the implementation of legal education in educational institutions. Conclusions: educational institutions are of great importance in the process of formation and development of the legal culture of schoolchildren, since the initial introduction of the individual to the social and legal reality takes place in the school environment; legal education plays a significant role in educational and extracurricular school processes, since within the framework of legal educational activities at this stage of personality formation, the foundations of lawful behavior are laid (in addition, hotel authors recognize legal education as the defining and main task of general education); in general, educational work in educational institutions is an integral element of education and is carried out in conjunction with various types of education, including legal, civil, moral, etc .; the criteria for the implementation of legal education by general educational institutions are: planning, organization, controllability, controllability, purposefulness, consistency, consistency; legal educational activity at school consists of certain components, the totality of which makes it possible to qualitatively improve the level of legal consciousness of students; the system of subjects of legal educational activity in educational institutions is represented by the teaching staff of the organization, as well as representatives of various state bodies and local authorities; the level of legal training of subjects of legal education in educational institutions is low, it is proposed to improve the qualifications of these persons in the field of law; the specificity of the implementation of legal education in educational institutions is conditioned by the use of specific legal forms, means and methods by the subjects of legal education.

The purpose of the research. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the theoretical and legal aspects of the functioning of a relatively new institution of electoral law - the electoral fund. The task of the study is to reveal the essence of this institution, simultaneously determining the capabilities of these funds, their role in the electoral process, as well as development prospects and problems affecting their activities at various levels of organization of election campaigns. The author draws attention to what normative basis the creators of such funds are guided by, the procedure for the formation and spending of funds of the above-mentioned institution is analyzed, arguments are given for its effectiveness in the current electoral process, since any election campaign is impossible without material support. Conclusions. With the main conclusions, the author confirms the opinion of researchers about the insufficient regulation of issues related to the definition of measures of responsibility for the misuse of funds contained in such funds, as well as the difficulty of defining the very concept of «electoral fund» and the lack of clarity of some regulatory provisions regarding control over their activities by the public and law enforcement agencies. The author believes that the Russian authorities need to adopt amendments to the current legislation with a view to introducing the obligation to provide a plan to the elected in terms of the reasonableness of the use of the requested funds, as well as the boundaries of such expenses, taking into account the division of the election process into certain stages and stages. If these measures are violated due to the weakness of the mechanism and the lack of elaboration of the issue of responsibility, to introduce more stringent measures, from criminal law to deprivation of repeated participation in subsequent elections of a certain level.

Purpose of research. The article considers the approaches of foreign and domestic researchers of private law to the nature of a smart contract, its technical and legal characteristics, and the applicability of existing norms of contract and obligation law to the regulation of legal relations arising from the use of blockchain technology and smart contracts. In addition, attention is drawn to the novelization of a number of norms in Russian civil law. Thus, the emphasis is placed on the statuization of digital rights, electronic transaction forms, and self-executing contracts (part 2 of art. 309 of the civil code of the Russian Federation), as well as the adoption of the law on digital financial assets and digital currency. The purpose of the research is a comparative analysis of foreign and domestic smart contract doctrine in order to determine further vectors for improving Russian civil legislation in terms of creating legal conditions for the formation of the sphere of electronic civil turnover. Conclusions. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion about the extreme difference between the foreign and domestic doctrine of the smart contract. In contrast to domestic legal scholars, foreign researchers of private law seek to adapt existing legal norms to smart contracts; explain their nature solely from the technical side, understanding them as computer code; along with the term smart contract, they use the term legal smart contract to characterize the legal side of the relevant relationship; the main focus is on improving the technical side of the smart contract, ensuring its invulnerability to cyber attacks, which creates favorable conditions for the development of a new interdisciplinary field of research in foreign jurisdictions - «digital law».

Creating a favorable investment climate is one of the most important tasks of the economy, however, the legal regulation of investment activity in Russia has a number of serious shortcomings. The quality of legislation on investment relations depends on an objective and deep understanding of the legal nature of investments. In this regard, the author seeks to study various approaches to determining the legal nature of investments. The methodological base of the research was based on the methods of formal logic and concrete scientific methods, technical-legal and historical-genetic methods. The author's position is based on the current legislation and the opinions of legal scholars on the legal nature and essence of investments. Based on the analysis of current legislation, the author points out the problem of determining investments in normative acts and in legal science. Various approaches to the concept of «legal nature» and «legal essence» and opinions on the legal nature and essence of investments and investment contracts are outlined. The author's definition of the category «legal nature» is proposed. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that in order to establish a unified legal and scientific definition of investments, it is necessary to determine their legal essence and legal nature, which in turn requires studying and describing the primary characteristics of investments in the context of economic science at the time of the emergence of this category.

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of moral and ethical responsibility of a scientist in modern society, where the value imperative of science is that any new knowledge or discovery should be directed to the benefit of humanity. The author analyzes the problems of the relationship between science, as a system of knowledge and as a type of activity, with ethics. At the same time, the focus of the author's attention is also the question of the ethical and legal acceptability of the use of certain biomedical technologies on the example of technology for human cloning and growing human organs. The research used such methods of scientific knowledge as: general scientific dialectical, formal legal and comparative legal methods. At the same time, the author proceeds from the subjective-objective assignment of processes and phenomena, and their interconnection. The novelty of this study is determined by its very purpose, subject and range of sources under consideration. In this format, the author formulates the conclusion that not only moral, but also legal control, based on reasonable and compromise principles, should be exercised over the activities of a scientist. The author also found that the ethical norms contained in the national ethical codes, which are developed by scientists themselves within their professional community, are characterized by the necessary flexibility in the regulation of scientific activity.

The article is devoted to the legal capacity of minors aged 14 to 18 to establish corporates and to participate in them. For this purpose, the concepts of entrepreneurial activity and the establishment of a corporate are differentiated, the definition of the concept of "founder" is given. The establishment of a corporate is not an entrepreneurial activity, the creation of corporates by minors is subject to the general rules of civil law on the establishment of corporates, given the fact that one or only founder is a person with relative legal capacity. The establishment of a corporate is a transaction and this action is performed by a minor with the prior consent of legal representatives according to the rules of Art. 26 and Art. 157.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The minor also contributes to the activities of the corporate with the consent of legal representatives, but they must first obtain the consent of the guardianship authorities as required by federal law, because this transaction is aimed at alienating the minor’s property. The participation of a minor in a corporate is also subject to the rules on the business ability of minors aged 14 to 18 years, and as in the case of the establishment of a corporate, with the consent of the parents (adoptive parents, trustees). Note that the independent participation of minors who have reached the age of 16 in cooperatives is expressly provided for in art. 26 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as federal legislation on cooperatives. The participation of minors in cooperatives may be labor or property, depending on the type of cooperative.

Civil rights remedies in the classical sense are enforcement measures applied in the event of an offence. However, this approach seems to be too narrow and does not take into account the whole variety of tasks solved with their help. Study of the functions of civil rights remedies allows one to develop a more complete understanding of the object under investigation. Contrary to traditional views, the article examines not only the protective, but also the regulatory function of civil rights remedies. The aim of this paper is to identify the subfunctions of the regulatory and the protective functions of civil rights remedies and to correlate these subfunctions with certain types of civil rights remedies. The research that has been conducted has made it possible to draw a conclusion about the polyfunctional nature of civil rights remedies. The author identifies rights-generating, transformative and rights-eliminating subfunctions within the framework of the regulatory function, and the rights-confirming subfunction, subfunction of protection and subfunction of responsibility within the framework of the protective function. Using the selected functions as a foundation, the author proposes a classification of civil rights remedies, whose terms of division also include claims that perform regulatory functions. The article substantiates that the functional orientation can be used as a feature that has an auxiliary, and in some cases, fundamental importance in the qualification of claims. In this case, both functions (subfunctions) performed by a certain type of civil rights remedies and the functions characteristic of a certain claim can be taken into account. The importance of functional analysis of civil rights remedies in the construction of models of civil liability is noted.

The article deals with various approaches to determining the essence of the category «transfer of enterprise» from the position of correlation of civil and labor law. The purpose of the article is to analyze the norms of Russian civil and labor law, as well as the norms of European Union law regarding the regulation of employee rights guarantees in the transfer of an enterprise based on the understanding of «transfer of an enterprise» as any change of ownership of an economic unit. Based on a brief study of the experience of the European Union, the author comes to the conclusions about the necessity of introducing the concept of «transfer of enterprise» in Russian labor law in order to ensure maximum protection of workers' rights in all cases of change of employer, allowing the employee to exercise the right of legal refusal to continue work in changed conditions, based on his personal assessment of the situation, or, conversely, continue to perform their duties in the company. Such conclusions are consistent with the understanding of the employee as a more economically vulnerable side of the labor relationship.

The purpose of writing research work. One of the main problems in law enforcement practice at all stages of pre-trial and judicial proceedings - initiation of a case, the implementation of preliminary investigation, inquiry, trial, are issues related to the definition of correct qualifications, including the separation of related crimes from each other. This scientific article has its own goals to identify the distinctive signs of infringement on the life of the person carrying out justice, preliminary investigation ( art. 295 of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation), and murders in connection with the performance of the victims' official activities (p. «b» p. 2 art. 105 of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation), the development of socially conditioned and scientifically sound proposals to improve the disposition of art. 295 of the Criminal code Russian Federation. Findings from the study. Crimes under section b. 2 p. 105 and art. 295 Criminal code of the Russian Federation, correlated with each other as a general and special composition of crimes. In the event of competition, if there are signs provided by a special rule, the crime should be qualified by the rule establishing responsibility for the special composition (art. 295 of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation). The design of the crime, provided in the current edition of art. 295 of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation, creates a conflict with the provisions of art. 29-30, 66 of the general part of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation, regulating questions about the unfinished crime, sentencing for it. It is proposed to amend the regulation of the objective party of the crime under art. 295 of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation. Instead of the overly broad concept of «infringement on life», which includes both the intentional infliction of death and the attempt on it, it is necessary to provide only the intentional infliction of a lethal person specified in the disposition of Art. 295 criminal code of the Russian Federation, to exclude from this crime attempted murder, which should be considered by the general rule as an unfinished crime.

Currently, the popularity and development of the driverless segment of vehicles is growing every year. This innovation has not yet been objectively and comprehensively studied, in terms of legislative consolidation of the status of unmanned vehicles, as well as regulation of their use. Self-driving vehicles have a huge number of advantages. One of the most important is to minimize and completely eliminate the human factor in the operation of the vehicle. Thus, most of the practical problems with UAVs in the form of violations of current traffic rules are connected, first of all, with the technical and computer equipment of vehicles. In the near future, these problems will be solved, and the high speed of technology development of the fourth industrial revolution will contribute to this. One of the most pressing issues in the field of introduction and use of unmanned transport is the legal regulation of drones. The specifics, as well as the technical complexity of this transport, leave their imprint on the current legislation of countries in the field of road traffic. One of the most problematic aspects when using Autonomous cars is to identify the culprits in accidents, especially with a fatal outcome. Who should be responsible: the owner of the vehicle, the developer of the software (the entire Autonomous system), or the car manufacturers? In some cases, this group is also joined by controllers, operators who remotely ensure optimal performance of the car. Currently, the current Russian legislation does not contain fundamental, fundamental rules governing the use of unmanned transport. Self-driving vehicles are one of the most promising areas of development in the automotive sector. Every year, this technique is becoming more and more popular, and therefore the problem of legislative regulation of unmanned transport is becoming more and more relevant. It is a challenge to the legislative technique of many States.

Corporate economic crime undermines confidence in businesses and markets, causes financial damage to individuals, and can destroy businesses, distort competition, and hinder their growth. Companies can commit economic crimes, but they are also often victims. The state is studying ways to influence corporate economic crime

In modern legal science, there are no methods and mechanisms for countering the financing of terrorism, which leads to a sharp surge in terrorism itself and related acts that threaten the security of the entire state. This article analyzes such a criminal act as the financing of terrorism and offers specific preventive measures to prevent such criminal acts.

The Most important reasons for the Commission of crimes by officials in the field of economic activity are, first of all, the striking material stratification of society caused by the rapid development of business activities on the one hand and the unjustified enrichment of a certain part of the population by obtaining income through economic fraud, as well as through the appropriation of state property through privatization and illegal transactions with shares of state enterprises. Money received in this way is used for active bribery of state officials, for organizing and conducting elections, election companies in the right direction for themselves, for carrying out financial and economic activities without paying taxes in the appropriate amounts. All this contributes to the creation of favorable conditions for the spread of corruption and organized crime. This article discusses the problems arising in connection with the implementation of legal regulation of punishments for crimes committed by officials in the field of economic activity. The main purpose of the study is to study the problematic aspects in the application and regulation of punishments for crimes committed by officials using their official position. The conducted research led to the development of a set of proposals involving amendments and additions to the law "on corruption", through the activation of the Commission's activities in the implementation of anti - corruption expertise of normative legal acts.

The purpose of writing a research paper is to study the criminological portrait of a criminal involving a teenager in a crime. The main method used in writing a work is the dialectical method of cognizing the surrounding reality. In addition to the above, a number of general and special methods of scientific knowledge were used. Thus, the method of document analysis was used in the study of materials from criminal cases and court decisions related to the commission of crimes under Art. 150 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The statistical method was used in the criminological research of quantitative indicators. The method of questioning made it possible to obtain data when interviewing 208 respondents - specialists in the field of criminal law (employees of investigative bodies, inquiry bodies, prosecutors). The conclusions obtained in the course of the study make it possible to create the most accurate portrait of a criminal involving a minor in committing a crime, to determine his main socio-demographic, psychological, moral and criminal-legal properties, traits, inclinations and preferences. This information plays an invaluable role in improving the institution of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of minors, developing the most promising ways to combat the involvement of minors in committing crimes, building a multi-level system of preventive measures in this direction.

Purpose of research. The activation of state bodies to improve measures to counter suicide among minors in the Russian Federation led to the adoption on June 7, 2017 of Federal Law No. 120-FZ, which provides for the introduction of criminal liability for inducement to commit suicide or assistance in committing suicide. According to the legislator, criminal punishment for driving to suicide is not enough, due to the limited list of methods of committing, listed in the corresponding disposition, in connection with which it was necessary to include in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation a norm designed to settle legal relations arising, inter alia, between persons - administrators of death groups «On the Internet and juvenile adolescents showing suicidal tendencies. In connection with the inclusion of new structures, it seems interesting, first of all, to analyze the correlation of a number of features of the indicated corpus delicti. Results. A brief analysis of the problem in the title of the article allows us to assert: 1. In the conditions of the existence of the gravamen of a charge constituting forcing to suicide, the expediency of identifying the declinations and facilitating the commission of suicide is subject to significant criticism in the scientific community. Researchers, first of all, note the absence of significant grounds for this and point to the existence of a sufficient regulatory framework governing such legal relations. The novellas were not sufficiently considered and worked out in terms of legal technique and the potential for the effectiveness of law enforcement. It is important that historically, these gravamens existed together, were considered as stages of a single malicious criminal act within the framework of one rule. 2. The lack of a uniform understanding of related crimes from the point of view of their categorization and differentiation according to the degree of public danger does not allow talking about an integral system of human rights measures, as well as objectively assessing the criminal law value of related structures. 3. Crimes under Art. 110.1 of the Criminal Code and Art. 110 of the Criminal Code are differentiated according to the following positions, namely: objective side in terms of establishing exceptional methods of committing each criminal act; constructions of the objective side as a whole, where the presence or absence of socially dangerous consequences is of fundamental importance; the degree of public danger of each specific gravamen of a charge; signs of the subjective side, which emphasizes the strict definition of the form of guilt as in crimes committed with direct intent, provided for in Art. 110.1 CC.

The purpose of the research. One of the inalienable attributes of the modern information society are special technical means designed for secretly obtaining information. At the same time, in the process of its development, the special technique went through several successive stages that determined the vector of its development. In this article, we will focus on the history of the creation and development of special technical means designed for tacit information. Results. In this article, the author comes to the conclusion that the history of the creation and development of special technical means intended for secretly obtaining information has its own unique periodization due to the foreign and domestic policies of states. The author's position on this periodization is offered. The author also cites the provision that a considerable amount of time has passed between the creation of the first samples of special technical means intended for secretly obtaining information and their mass production. Also, the author comes to the conclusion that the key period in the creation and development of special technical means intended for secretly obtaining information is the period of the late XX - early XXI century.

This article is an attempt to systematize knowledge about the forms of activities of the internal affairs bodies to ensure law and order during election campaigns in modern conditions. On the basis of established classifications on various grounds, conclusions are drawn about the emergence of a new (electronic) form of activity of the internal affairs bodies to ensure law and order. In the first part, the author notes that in recent years there has been a digitalization of public relations. In particular, it is pointed out that various state bodies have recently adopted a number of normative legal acts aimed at their organizational support. Separately, the author analyzes the legislation that allows the use of elements of digitalization in the electoral process, while paying special attention to the possible negative consequences associated with illegal impact on the electoral process. In the future, the internal affairs bodies are considered as one of the subjects of counteraction to violations in the field of the electoral process. The author gives the author's definition of the forms of activity of the internal affairs bodies to ensure law and order during election campaigns and suggests their classification. It is noted that at the present stage of the development of society and the electoral process, forms of activity also require their development and do not fully fit into the so-called «classical» classification. In this connection, the author identifies a new form of implementation of functions to ensure law and order in the activities of law enforcement agencies in the period of preparation for elections and during their holding - an electronic form. Also, he defined the signs that allow identifying the electronic form. The author concludes that the electronic form may become predominant in the activities of the internal affairs bodies to ensure law and order during the election campaigns.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of police officers in the implementation of administrative and criminal procedural coercion measures. The conditions of the use of physical force by employees of the internal affairs bodies during the performance of official tasks related to the implementation of state coercion measures are analyzed. Actual issues of judicial investigative practice of the use of physical force by police officers are considered, legal comment is given.

Ensuring information security is a complex social, legal, economic and scientific problem that is being solved at the present stage in the conditions of severe financial, material and resource restrictions, as well as time constraints and other restrictions typical for the current socio-economic situation in Russia. However the task of ensuring information security is becoming an essential element of national security and a factor for achieving strategic stability. The first Information security doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the President in 2000, was the state's timely response to new challenges in the information sphere. This article shows that today the Information security doctrine of the Russian Federation, adopted in 2016, is in force in Russia. It is a system of official views on ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation in the information sphere. This paper presents the scientific views on the legal doctrine; future directions for the development of legal doctrine in Russia; comparative characteristics of the definitions «information security» and «information sphere»; the analysis of Russia's national interests in the information sphere was also carried out; the classification of information security threats is presented.

The scientific article discusses the types and capitalization of cryptocurrencies, their technological component. The authors study the legal aspect of the use of cryptocurrency instruments and electronic means of payment. The work quite rightly takes into account and analyzes the opinions of modern scientists engaged in research in this area. Based on the results of the study, the corresponding conclusions and conclusions are formed.

The article is devoted to the problem of legislative regulation of the legal situation of road traffic participants using various modern technical devices as means of transportation on public roads, including electric scooters, segveys, monowheels. The trend towards micromobility, the possibility of rapid movement in the urban environment without congestion and additional time losses, the emergence of companies leasing scooters on the service market have led to a wide popularization of such devices. At the same time, the age range of users of these devices is very wide: from two-three year-old children using mobile devices as means of entertainment, to a solid adult audience using electric scooters to solve issues of transport accessibility. The purpose of the work is to analyze the regulatory framework governing the procedure and conditions for participation in road traffic of persons using modern mobile technical means, to formulate proposals for adjusting the concept of «means of individual mobility» proposed for introduction into traffic rules. The novelty of the study consists in a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects of the use of modern vehicles (personal mobility vehicles) for moving along public roads. As a result of the analysis of normative legal acts, scientific literature, judicial practice, the author identified certain problems of legislative regulation of the area under consideration, formulated signs of means of individual mobility. The author focuses on the existence of difficulties in law enforcement practice related to the imperfection of the legal regulation of the participation in road traffic of persons using sigways and electric scooters, makes proposals for the establishment of additional criteria for classifying devices useed for movement as individual mobility vehicles.