Vol 16, No 5 (2023)

The purpose of the article is to present a conceptual approach to the development of the Statute of the police of the Russian Empire, to outline the content of this most important normative legal act for purposeful, legitimate and justified police activity, to reflect the work of the interdepartmental Commission, which was tasked to reform the work of this state body. The subject of the study was the section "Absence of a police statute" of the "Brief explanatory note to the conclusion of the interdepartmental Commission, under the leadership of Senator A.A. Makarov, on the transformation of the police into the Empire". When working on the topic, the authors used generalization, content analysis, comparative legal, historical and other methods of scientific research. They allowed forming conclusions, presenting the author's attitude to the document (1) and to the work of the Commission (2), noting the role in modern legislative practice (3).

The article explores and substantiates the methodological aspects and possibilities of using the comparative legal approach in legal science in order to understand the paradigmatic foundations of the development of law in the spatial aspect of its functioning.

The relevance of this article is due to the fact that at present, in various branches of scientific knowledge, studies related to various spatial phenomena are of particular importance, one of which is the “legal space”, which forms a national system of law specific in nature, which paradigmally develops under the influence of a system of internal and external factors studied in the framework of comparative legal studies.

The indicated direction of scientific research has its own metanature, as well as levels of immersion in the depth of the semantic and content of the legal space, has an original methodology and methodology that make it possible to penetrate deeply into the fabric of legal phenomena.

This scientific direction is undoubtedly important from the point of view of the development of national legal systems, allowing them to be properly identified and determine the possible directions and limits of the transformation of national law, having studied the best world experience in a comparative aspect.

The article discusses the investment relationship between China and Russia during the period of anti-Russian economic sanctions. Under the conditions of undue restrictions, commodity trade, in particular Russia's oil and gas exports to Europe, have been hit hardest, leading to serious increases in energy prices and global inflation. The entire world economy is experiencing many difficulties in organizing the transportation of products, operating enterprises, tourism logistics, etc. Unreasonable restrictions forced large foreign companies to leave the Russian market for ideological or political reasons, which led to the restructuring of many key supplies. Thus, maintaining a strategic partnership and developing investment cooperation between Russia and China in modern conditions is a paramount task. The article deals with the legal regulation of international investment by Russian regulations. The advantages of the flexible form of regulation of investment relations through interstate agreements are shown. A critical analysis of the legal consolidation of the rights and guarantees of foreign investors is given, the author's definition of the term "friendly state" is proposed. Options for improving the Russian investment legislation in terms of insurance, taxation and raising the standard of guarantees for foreign investment are proposed.

The article presents a scientific and practical commentary and assessment of Federal Law No. 254-FZ of July 31, 2020, which contains rules on a simplified procedure for the implementation of projects for the construction and reconstruction of transport, social and industrial infrastructure projects most important for the economy and social development of the regions. The key aspects of the legal support of the processes of de-bureaucratization and acceleration of the procedures of urban planning activities related to the construction of the most significant infrastructure facilities are shown. The necessity of extending the validity of the said law for the period up to 2030 is substantiated.

The article examines the issues of the problem of classification of complex administrative and legal regimes, which is understood as regulated by law and having a normative nature in relation to public administration structures, the procedure for carrying out activities common to a certain set or for all state bodies, which is subject to specification in the process of its application. At the same time, it should be taken into account that all modes are divided into modes of normal operation and those that are associated with overcoming situations of an emergency, as well as those that are of a mixed nature, i.e. simultaneously contain the regulation of normal functioning and measures to overcome emergency situations. The purpose of the presented study is to consider the issues that arise in this area regarding the classification of complex administrative-legal regimes, which are a special kind of administrative-legal regimes, which are characterized by normativity in determining the components of the public administration system that implements the regime and the fundamental consolidation of the main components that make up the mode of activity itself. At the same time, complex administrative and legal regimes are characterized by an emphasis on the mode of activity itself, in accordance with which the management system is built. Based on the study, the authors come to the conclusion that a complex administrative-legal regime is a special procedure for carrying out activities common to a number or the entire set of state bodies. The very fact of the generality of this order and its expression in the form of an administrative-legal regime implies a detailed legal regulation of complex administrative-legal regimes. At the same time, a constant increase in the level of legal acts underlying the respective regimes should be considered as a single trend. Indeed, the basis of complex regimes is usually regulated at the level of federal legislation, and in this respect it is more resistant to situational reactions than the system of executive power and state administration itself.

The author of the article assesses the influence of the norms of Islamic ideology on the choice of standards of public administration and legal regulation of social relations in Iraq. The purpose of the study is the need to demonstrate the reality of such influence, as well as to show which state and legal institutions were affected by the prescriptions of Sharia and Islam in general. The main objective of the study is to analyze the use of aspects of religious ideology in constitutional and normative activities, as well as their consequences, provided that such use is based on the right of Iraqi citizens to determine the vector of the country's further development (democratic principle). The main conclusion of the study was that at the moment the norms of the Koran, the prescriptions of the Sharia, and other religious sources are actively used by the legislator only in cases where the regulatory regulation affects the properties of state symbolism and aesthetics. The remaining positions are perceived as an exception to the rule. Ultimately, the author comes to the conclusion that the eclecticism of combining the norms of secular law and religious provisions is permissible, and in the conditions of a clear differentiation of the spheres of legal regulation, it can determine the use of both as sources, however, this approach must be based on the principles directly accepted by society itself, and not imposed on it from the outside.

In the article, the object of the study is the relationship of labor responsibility arising between the parties to an employment contract in the process of production activity, consisting of its two independent types: disciplinary and material responsibility. The relevance of this work is emphasized by the increasing importance of legal responsibility in the conditions of further development of market relations, in particular, labor liability, which makes it necessary to conduct scientific research of this central institute of labor legislation. The subject of the study is the problems of legal positive responsibility in labor relations, the essence of which, according to some experts in the field of labor law, is that in addition to legal liability for an offense and in continuous connection with it, there is a legal positive responsibility. At the same time, the analysis of the judgments of jurists defending the idea of this responsibility at the level of the general theory of law, as well as the points of view of the labor scientists who supported them, both in Soviet and modern science of labor law, recognizing, along with negative responsibility, and the positive responsibility of disciplinary and material responsibility of the main subjects of labor relationships. In this regard, the arguments are given by means of which the inconsistency of such an approach to the understanding of labor-legal responsibility is argued, which significantly changes the concept of legal responsibility, generally recognized and well-established in general theoretical and branch sciences. The contribution of the author of the work to the study of legal responsibility, which is used in labor relations and other directly related relations, is the conclusions he made that legal positive responsibility is devoid of signs inherent in the legal category, and therefore it does not have a legal character. In this regard, its positive aspect is not essential for the construction of the concept of legal liability, which excludes the possibility of introducing legal positive liability into the sphere of work as its new variety.

The article analyzes the legal mechanism and problems of this selection procedure, as well as the consequences of selection. The author states that a child in Russia is guaranteed the right to live and be brought up in a family. But this guarantee does not always come from the priority of the interests of the child and his desire to live, to be brought up in his own family with his relatives who have expressed such an intention. It is necessary to pay attention to the problems of the existing mechanism, since the vectors of its changes broadcast a persistent trend of changing the administrative order to the judicial one, which can overload the judicial system, as well as lead to an expansive interpretation by the law enforcement officer of the existing mechanism of selection and the percentage of appeals, which will also burden the judicial system. As evidenced by the analysis of judicial practice. It is necessary to observe the balance of private and public principles of family law, to specify the existing administrative procedure for the selection of a child through the consolidation in the Family Code of the Russian Federation of the category «immediate threat to the life and health of a child» with its criteria, which will be the most acute and urgent reasons, acting as exceptional measures aimed at protecting the child. Which will allow avoiding an expansive interpretation of this rule by the law enforcement officer in the future.

The purpose of writing the article is to summarize the data on the tasks solved during the inspection of the scene in the aspect of its technical and forensic support. The paper presents the tasks of technical and forensic support for the inspection of the scene of an incident based on its given definition as a set of legal, scientific and organizational measures for the development, implementation and practical use of technical and forensic tools and scientific methods during the inspection of the scene.

The conclusions are the developed and analyzed list of tasks itself, which include: detection, fixation and seizure of evidence; establishing the fact of a crime and the sequence of actions; search for traces of the person who committed the crime, determining the methods of its preparation, commission and concealment; identification of possible evidence confirming the guilt or innocence of a person; determination of the causes and conditions for the commission of a crime.

The results of such a generalization can be used in the practical activities of the preliminary investigation bodies, for further theoretical research, the preparation of scientific papers and for solving practical problems in the field of preparing and conducting an inspection of the scene, both before initiating a criminal case and as part of a preliminary investigation.

The purpose of the research. Legal science and practice have developed various ways of regulatory and legal protection of intellectual rights, for which, in particular, Article 147 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is applied. However, in the process of investigating such a complex category of cases, problems may arise with establishing the fact of patent infringement, for which it seems appropriate to use a comprehensive forensic examination. Of all the variety of issues resolved by forensic examination, the most difficult is the issue of determining the degree of damage caused, which is important for the qualification of the act under Article 147 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

The article examines the data on the identity of the culprit identified on representative statistical material, which can become significant evidence of the causal relationship of certain personality traits with the mechanism of trace formation to be investigated during the disclosure and investigation of crimes against the person. The purpose of the study is to carry out an analysis and determine on its basis the most important elements of the personality of a criminal who encroaches on life and health, knowledge of the typical qualities of whom are necessary in the process of formation a methodology for investigating crimes of the corresponding group.

Based on the analysis of statistical data on crimes against life and health, a typical socio-demographic portrait of the guilty person is proposed, which determines the direction of further improvement of tactical and forensic recommendations and the content of the algorithm for investigating crimes of this category.

The purpose of the study. The article analyzes the conceptual apparatus that has historically developed in the domestic criminal procedure science, which reflects and expresses the understanding of the social purpose of the criminal process in our country, as well as its structure and principles of action. Conclusions. In the conditions of an unfavorable external environment, and even in connection with it and despite its negative impact, there is still a reasonable need for lawmaking in the criminal procedure sphere. In the current situation, it is not scientific energy and research that lead to innovations in the field of practical lawmaking, but on the contrary, the dynamics of lawmaking based on empirical necessity leads to the need for subsequent scientific and theoretical justifications of the legislative changes made. The meaning of the criminal process is defined in presenting to society the fact of the existence of a crime event and focusing its attention on it, and then using specific procedural procedures to bring the "disturbance" in the system of public relations into a state of "calm" and balance (while the process of restoring balance itself is a "calming" means, and the restoration of provides for both the full restoration of the violated right directly, and the adoption of various kinds of compensatory measures). In general, the purpose of the criminal process is formulated as the need for organizational registration and step-by-step support of the dispute process of the parties that arose in connection with the commission of a crime (while the results of the goal are: protection of the rights and legitimate interests of individuals, organizations, society and the state from criminal encroachments; protection of the individual from illegal and unjustified charges, convictions, restrictions on her rights and freedom). The realization of the purpose of the criminal process is complex, interdependent, step-by-step. The purpose, purpose and objectives of the criminal process are homogeneous in meaning and essentially interrelated concepts related to the field of goal-setting. Within the framework of the conducted research, the author's definition of the criminal process is formulated.

Taking into account what is stated in this article, the urgent need to reform the conceptual system of criminal procedure is justified, various concepts and author's definitions of concepts in this area are given.

Modern criminal practice is distinguished by the dynamism of the development of the relevant acts, as well as a high degree of organization. This fact means that the process of investigating specific crimes is much more complicated. The greatest difficulty for the work of the investigating authorities is the disclosure of serial murders. The presented article is devoted to the study of the process of organization and implementation of the investigation of serial murders. Based on the analysis, the author highlights the features of the individual stages of the investigation of these crimes. The investigation of serial murders is a complex and multifaceted process, which is primarily due to the specifics of the analyzed criminal activity. Attention is focused on the fact that this activity requires a high degree of organization and involvement in the investigation process of persons with special knowledge and skills (experts, specialists) to conduct diverse investigative actions and a comprehensive study of information available about the crimes committed and the activities of serial killers.

The recognition of medicine as one of the basic components of a developed state has led to a significant intensification of the legal regulation of the activities of doctors, including their responsibility, both for making mistakes and for intentionally causing harm. The period of the birth of the Russian Empire became the starting point for the systematic normative consolidation of the corresponding conceptual apparatus, the definition of lawful and criminal actions of medical personnel, as well as the establishment of criminal liability for unacceptable forms of behavior. A significant part of the legal sources of this era contains prototypes of modern provisions of the criminal law. In this connection, this article will conduct a comparative historical and legal study of the features of the legislative regulation of liability for medical crimes.

Since the banking sector has been and remains one of the most attractive sectors of the Russian economy for criminals, and the process of lending to the population is growing at a rapid pace, law enforcement officers should have an extensive list of knowledge that will help them prevent, predict and ultimately successfully investigate credit fraud in order to protect such an important sphere of public relations. However, unfortunately, the measures taken to combat such crimes are still not effective. This article is devoted to the current problems and prospects for the development of the methodology of fraud investigation in the field of lending, in which modern ways of countering credit fraud are considered and analyzed, the author's recommendations for conducting individual investigative actions and attracting specialists in the field of psychology for a better and timely investigation of credit fraud are proposed.

The purpose of the research is: a comprehensive analysis and study of problems related to the investigation of fraud in the field of lending, the study of modern abilities of credit fraudsters, as well as ways of committing this crime; the development of relevant and effective measures to prevent and investigate fraud in the field of lending.

The results of the research allowed us to develop our own measures to improve the methodology of fraud investigation in the field of lending. In particular, an algorithm of the investigator's actions was proposed during the interrogation / confrontation of the suspect / accused in situations where the production of these investigative actions is carried out via video conferencing. The idea of attracting professional psychologists for a better and faster compilation of a psychological portrait of the attacker during the interrogation is proposed and argued. Moreover, new ways of searching for evidentiary information for timely exposure of criminal persons are proposed.

The research article is prepared as part of a scientific study conducted by the author on improving the theoretical and legal foundations of customs regulation in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU, Union) in cooperation with the World Customs Organization (WCO).

A task. To systematize the WCO basic approaches on the reflection of the legal institution of electronic commerce in the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (Kyoto Convention), taking into account the WCO legal instruments and tools.

Conclusions. The article examines in a complex the proposals of the international customs community submitted to the World Customs Organization as part of a comprehensive revision of the Kyoto Convention in terms of the introduction of the electronic commerce institution.

Social Consequences. Conducting a study is associated with the implementation of paragraph 11.7.5. of Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025 in terms of working out the possibility of joining the Eurasian Economic Union to the WCO fundamental legal instruments and tools.

Practical value. The results of the study are of interest to the customs cooperation block of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) and can be used by specialists of the customs authorities of the Member States of the Union, the EEC experts to organize strategic planning and to form the legal foundations for the modernization of the Union's law.

The article is recommended to researchers, teachers, students, graduate students and other categories of students in the Russian Customs Academy, in other universities and the WCO regional training centers in the specialties «Customs» and «Jurisprudence».

Originality/value. The research material is based on an analysis of the practical aspects of the activities of the EEC, the customs authorities of the Member States of the Union, the WCO and is the result of a comprehensive study of the issue on improvement the law of the Union based on best practices of customs regulation and the legal instruments and tools of the World Customs Organization.

The purpose of the study is to identify new features of corporate social responsibility and ESG standards as a factor of sustainable development and competitive growth of business and public sectors. Trend analysis of formation corporate social responsibility in Russian and foreign business practice, determination of the features of the formation and development of socially responsible business in African countries, including the oil and gas industry, as well as, a study of the systems of interrelations of corporate social responsibility concept with concepts of sustainable development, socially responsible investment, corporate efficiency, corporate citizenship, a creation of common values, environmental responsibility allowed to come to the following conclusions. Conclusions. In order to optimize a sustainable development strategy, a national model of corporate social responsibility is needed, that is based on uniform rules of social responsibility for all participants in entrepreneurial and social interaction. State regulatory policy should focus on improving the legislative framework that encourages companies and organizations to develop social responsibility strategies. To create prerequisites for sustainable development in the oil and gas industry, it is necessary to develop a model of corporate social responsibility that takes into account both national and international aspects. There is a proposal to consider the ESG concept as a tool by which companies integrate the principles of social responsibility into their core activities.

In the article, the authors analyze the current state of procedural independence of the investigator. The main attention is paid to the problems that arise in the investigator during the preliminary investigation. The possibility of giving the investigator full procedural independence to increase the activity of his activities is being considered.

The authors examine in detail the legal status of the investigator and the degree of his "independence" during the preliminary investigation. The necessity of changing the criminal procedure legislation in terms of granting the investigator a wider range of powers is substantiated. The problems arising during the interaction of the investigator with other subjects of the criminal process are investigated. It is emphasized that the success of the investigation of criminal cases and their resolution directly depends on the degree of procedural independence of the investigator.

The purpose of this study is to study the current state of cryptocurrency turnover, crimes in this area and the specifics of their investigation.

Blockchain technology is increasingly being used in the global economy and cryptocurrency is being used. The use of modern technologies is also attractive for financial organizations that invest money in their development, use an electronic ledger, etc., however, it also gives new opportunities to cybercriminals who master technologies that allow them to attack financial organizations and extort large sums as a result of such attacks. Cryptocurrencies are becoming more expensive all over the world, gaining influence and beginning to significantly threaten the national security of the country. Many international legislators note that at the moment there is a situation in which criminals uncontrollably withdraw funds obtained illegally abroad from national financial systems, first transferring money into electronic form. Virtual currency has no physical expression, so it is extremely difficult to control its movement. Criminals are not limited only to embezzlement of funds. Another broad problem of cybercrime is that it is not limited to the framework of any State. Such crime is always international. The perpetrator himself can be anywhere in the world and commit a crime at any selected point. The second problem is the lack of a strict hierarchy. A criminal can act alone or together, but there is usually no leader. It also greatly complicates the investigation of such crimes.

Analyzing Russian and foreign practice, we can conclude that the higher the material and technical progress, the more dynamically crime develops in the field of high technology, which learns to use its capabilities on the Internet. For example, there is a special software that can protect the user from fixing his actions, make him completely anonymous. These are excellent opportunities for criminals, since you cannot leave traces by conducting illegal activities, using cryptocurrency and mining it. There is a fairly large arsenal of tools used by criminals, which makes it much more difficult to counteract them.

The purpose of this article is to review issues related to the legal status of a psychologist and a teacher and the degree of their participation in criminal proceedings The author identified such problems as the formal use of data by the investigator and insufficient legal regulation of the process of attracting these specialists. Lack of understanding of the significance of the presence of teachers and psychologists in the subjects of criminal proceedings leads to the fact that specialists “play” a nominal role, and their legal status is reduced to minimal functions in the form of checking protocols, excluding the important assistance that they can actually provide.

Conclusions: The legal status of a teacher and a psychologist in the criminal proceedings of our country causes widespread discussion and is discussed by the country's leading legal scholars, since it is not legally defined. As a rule, the investigator, on the basis of his subjective opinion, determines which specialist will be involved. Since in our country there is no single database of specialists in this category, any specialist who formally meets the qualification requirements (presence of education or work experience) can be involved in the investigation. Unfortunately, these criteria can be very diverse, and a specialist acting in this status may not always meet it, which, in fact, is the main problem. A teacher with pedagogical experience, but no education, or a psychologist may have a certificate of retraining, and not professional education. In this connection, the participation of these specialists, in most cases, is noted as formal.

According to scientists, the teacher and the psychologist have the function of assisting all participants in the criminal process, not only the suspected (accused), but also the investigator, and therefore, the procedural status of the psychologist and teacher in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation should be specified. Despite the important role of a psychologist and a teacher, the activities of these subjects in criminal proceedings are not without problems, including the following: specialists are formally involved in order to comply with the rule of law; the list of powers of psychologists and teachers in criminal proceedings is limited; the lack of understanding of the significance of the presence of teachers and psychologists among the subjects of criminal proceedings leads to the fact that specialists “play” a nominal role; low level of responsibility of the specialists themselves, as a result of the non-application of their own knowledge in practice; insufficient legal regulation of the process of attracting teachers and psychologists.

The aim of the research is to develop a scientifically based criminological concept of fraud on the global Internet, and on this basis to put forward practical proposals to prevent this phenomenon, forming a unified system.

The objectives of the research are to study crimes on the global Internet, as a specific illegal phenomenon, and the special forms of social reaction to it, emerging as social relations.

Conclusions: cybercrime is any act, by its nature, involving the alteration of computer data, or interference with a computer system, resulting in the dispossession of another person. Hence, the main direct target of the fraud is protected by criminal law social relations in the sphere of property, and the objects of infringement should include property, including non-cash and electronic money.

In order to effectively prevent fraud committed using the information and telecommunications environment, effective application of criminal laws is required.

The purpose of this study is to study ways to optimize and improve the fire training of police officers in the structure of their professional training.

The quarantine conditions not only caused the COVID-19 crisis, but also showed that educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia can work remotely. The need for the transition of education to digital reality turned out to be more tangible than before. The modern world uses the Internet everywhere, there are almost no industries where these technologies would not be used. The crisis has caused certain consequences that need to be paid attention to. This is especially true for training and education.

The objectives of the study are to assess the impact of digital transformations on the fire training of police officers.

It is established that digital education is a new important stage of development for the educational process. A global approach will help to develop this direction, as it has great prospects and makes education more accessible to the masses, regardless of geographical location, social status and age. However, we must not forget about the existing risks, the fight against which should come to the fore. To do this, not only educational institutions and developers of individual programs should contribute, but also the students themselves and the legislator. Then the implementation of digital education will become more qualitative.

It is concluded that with the development of the digital educational process for fire training, the emergence of risks is inevitable, the higher the demands and technical progress, the higher the dangers will be. That is why it is necessary to develop clear algorithms, due to which it will be possible to minimize negative consequences or completely eliminate their occurrence. Since the digitalization of education is an inevitable process, it must be transformed into a tool for the development of modern society and the educational sphere as a whole.

Inherent from birth, as well as acquired in the course of many years of testing in training, the possibilities for the manifestation of physical qualities are largely based on the general state of the body, determined by the degree of debugging of the biological processes occurring in it.

This article substantiates that the priority development, for example, of strength (or endurance, speed, coordination in space) over other parameters, albeit taking into account the genetic and physiological predisposition, can first of all be achieved due to the correct construction of the training process with a clear formulation training tasks. At the same time, regardless of the type of training, the potential of a particular athlete in relation to receiving a training load and overcoming various types of resistance is uncontestedly correlated with the functional capabilities of his body, the consideration of which in sports is necessary to solve the tasks, maintain health and prevent possible injuries. [10]

We concluded that within the framework of considering students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia as the target audience, it is appropriate, expedient, and also useful from the standpoint of increasing the efficiency of the subsequent implementation of professional functions, in the course of practical exercises to improve general physical fitness, to apply the so-called functional training.

The purpose of this article is to consider methods of committing fraud, which are of particular interest, since their diversity opens up wide "prospects" for study, including by prosecutors investigating cases of this category. The scale of the activity of criminals is revealed precisely through the method of committing, since its effectiveness allows you to get the maximum profit, and the legal, at first glance, nature of this activity allows its long-term existence. The author presents different classifications proposed by legal scholars from different time periods, as there are different tendencies in the methods of fraud. Today, there is an increase in fraud in the field of computer and Internet technologies, hacking of accounts and personal offices of online banks. And some 20 years ago, the fraudsters did not shy away from selling counterfeit antiques, jewelry, etc. At the same time, “forgotten” types of fraud are periodically “remembered” even today, and ordinary people easily succumb to these schemes.

Conclusions: A wide range of methods of committing fraud allows criminals to "operate" both in the clothing market and in the financial one. The ambitions of individuals are so great that fraud is committed on an especially large scale, and already thousands of people are beginning to become victims, an example of which are the victims of financial pyramid schemes, deceived shareholders, etc.

Often the victims are even famous people, artists who fall for the purchase of counterfeit jewelry or brand things. Fraudsters do not even shy away from the fact that they are ready to deprive people of their last home or various certificates for this purpose, such as housing or maternity. Unfortunately, the rather low standard of living of citizens of our country often pushes them to receive easy money offered by fraudsters, so people are “engaged” to win-win lotteries, promotions, free service, gifts and other, where the result is the issuance of multi-million-dollar loans and the loss of property. Fraud in the field of digital and computer technologies requires special attention: carding, phishing, blocking devices through malicious mailings, hacking accounts and banking applications are only a small fraction of the methods of fraud.

Extremism is currently spreading in completely different spheres of the life of society and the state, and one of the most popular sphere at present is the information environment. Taking into consideration the significant increase in the importance of information for a modern person, information relations most dynamically respond to all processes taking place in society and the state. Such dynamics is also actively used by extremist organizations, which are actively involved in the illegal and criminal activities of participants in information relations in various forms. The purpose of the presented study is to analyze the existing mechanisms for combating extremism in the information environment, identify problems and determine ways to solve them. The author comes to the conclusion that for the effectiveness of anti-extremist activities, it is of fundamental importance to take into account the specifics of the development of the information environment at the present time and to identify current trends in the spread of extremist ideas and views, taking into account emerging challenges and threats on an international and domestic scale. Attention is focused on such problems of combating extremism as the orientation of anti-extremist activities, for the most part, towards the process of identifying and suppressing acts of this direction; the dynamics of the transformation of extremist behavior in the information environment, which is far from always taken into account in anti-extremist activities; the complexity of the mechanisms for restricting and prohibiting access to specific extremist materials. It is noted that they need to be resolved as soon as possible in order to fully use the potential of combating extremism in the information environment.

The issues of ensuring national security in difficult geopolitical conditions are among the highest priorities within the framework of the state policy of the Russian Federation, therefore, the purpose of this work is to study development trends, counteraction problems, as well as the features of modern extremism and terrorism, which pose a significant threat to the principles of civil society in almost any rule of law state.

To date, extremism and terrorism as a socio–political phenomenon occupy one of the central places in modern scientific discourse. The discussion of problems related to these negative phenomena is actively taking place on the pages of scientific and journalistic journals, which in turn allows us to talk about the possibility and relevance of their consideration.

The paper notes that one of the general trends of these highly resonant crimes is a steady increase in the degree of their public danger both for the foundations of the social and state system of Russia, and for international relations and international security. This, in turn, presupposes the legal regulation of the fight against these radical social phenomena on the part of the State as one of the priorities.

The objectives of the study are the need to develop a comprehensive set of countermeasures aimed at prevention, as well as combating the activities of extremist and terrorist organizations, which, in our opinion, should in turn be based on: firstly, a nationwide unified set of preventive measures assuming a systematic and permanent nature, covering all the necessary levels of regulatory regulation; secondlysecondly, to increase the effectiveness of the practice of applying anti-terrorist and anti-extremist legislation; thirdly, to use the international experience of other countries that have also faced extremism and terrorism in any form of its manifestations.

When studying the entire block of problems related to countering extremism and terrorism, it should be noted that we are talking about a cultural and social phenomenon whose main idea is the expression of hatred and enmity, and, concerning some of the causes of their occurrence and development, attention should be paid to moral, socio-psychological attitudes in a particular society.

Conclusions: we can talk about the effectiveness of measures taken to counter extremist and terrorist manifestations only if, in addition to persons authorized by law, the whole society as a whole is involved in this process, and of course, among them representatives of the scientific community, scientists of various specialties.

Terrorism and extremism at the present stage of society's development are defined by some distinctive features and signs, in addition, it is possible to trace systemic trends and problems in countering these crimes, which in turn presupposes and requires a comprehensive study and research of these phenomena in order to develop a set of scientifically based practical measures necessary to increase the effectiveness of combating them. In addition, the results of such a comprehensive study can be used for further theoretical research, preparation of scientific papers and practical application of the considered innovative methods in the future, which will become an effective tool in the fight against crime.

The article analyzes the activities carried out by the Russian Federation to combat the threats of extremism and terrorism in the Eurasian space in the current conditions of global economic, political and other changes. The author examines the legal, political, socio-economic and other measures taken by the Russian Federation in matters of ensuring stability and security on the territory of the Eurasian continent.

The purpose of the work is to identify and critically comprehend the gaps and problems that have developed in the expanses of Eurasia in countering threats of an extremist and terrorist nature, as well as to formulate proposals for improving approaches to the formation of a unified Eurasian system of international security capable of promptly responding to emerging challenges and crisis phenomena. caused by the activities of terrorist and extremist organizations.

The author comes to several conclusions. Firstly, the activities of the Russian Federation to counter extremism and terrorism in the Eurasian space should be of a preventive nature, based on a systematic analysis of ongoing processes, forecasting threats based on the generalization of the data obtained. Such analytical activity is possible only with the formation of a system for the exchange of information, the consolidation of the collected data and their prompt transfer between the countries of the Eurasian region of our planet.

Secondly, successful counteraction to extremism and terrorism is possible only if these threats are adequately perceived by the states participating in international efforts to ensure peace and security. It is impossible to ensure domestic security and international security with an active fight against terrorism, but the absence of a full-fledged counteraction to threats of an extremist nature, which in the future will create a breeding ground for further terror.

Thirdly, successful countering extremism and terrorism goes beyond just law enforcement and military tasks. An important aspect of the fight against these threats is the elimination of the causes and conditions conducive to their spread. Such conditions include socio-economic instability, low level of education, lack of information literacy of the population, unemployment and a number of other factors, unresolved ethnic, religious, cultural and other conflicts.

Unfortunately, extremism has become a characteristic feature of modernity in the last few decades, including in Russia. This phenomenon is generated by many factors. In our country, the countdown of the noticeable growth of this destructive phenomenon should be conducted approximately from the dashing 90s, which gave rise to a crisis in the economy, a rapid increase in unemployment, the social stratification in society that emerged during these years, high corruption, passivity of state law enforcement agencies with simultaneous activation of criminal elements. All this, in turn, gave rise to people's disbelief in the government. In addition, the effectiveness of such social institutions as family and education has significantly decreased. Another reason arising from these circumstances was the vacuum formed in the sphere of spiritual and moral life of citizens due to the loss of former moral ideals and the lack of new ideological content. Disunity, social confrontation appeared in the relations of people, and such traditional values of Russian culture as collectivism, catholicity, national unity, are no longer in demand. Today the situation is aggravated by the international situation - we have to live surrounded by most of the aggressive-minded states, whose hopes for the weakness of Russia have not come true. In current conditions, extremism as a model of relations between people is becoming more and more common. Most of people have forgotten how to negotiate, how to compromise. To prove one's rightness to another from a position of strength at any cost becomes a «matter of honor». If the trend continues, society may become even more divided and disintegrated, and extremism and conflict may become the main means of solving social problems. These circumstances led to the choice of the named topic.

The purpose of this study is to study cyberterrorist threats emerging in the global information space and ways to counter them.

Cyberterrorist organizations set themselves the goal of destroying state systems, preventing the functioning of information structures, computer systems, databases, infiltrating the infrastructure of the public administration system and destroying it. Crimes are aimed at important objects of the state, therefore they pose a great threat and can have far-reaching dangerous consequences that can affect all citizens as a whole or their individual groups. It is important to understand not only what goals cyberterrorists may be interested in, but also what cyberspace is attractive to them, what methods they can use to achieve their goals. Modern technologies are actively studied by criminal groups for their further application in their activities. For example, they allowed gangs to abandon the hierarchical system and switch to a decentralized form, which significantly complicates the search and detention of members of such organizations. The use of technology allows criminals to increase the efficiency of their activities, better hide from law enforcement agencies.

It is concluded that the development of terrorists in the use of technology is also dynamic, since their type of activity requires deep conspiracy and flexible capabilities. Criminals, after committing certain actions, analyze them, understand what they did successfully and what they did not, exclude mistakes that may lead to their arrest or an unsuccessful attack in the future. This allows them to prepare well for the next actions. Thus, one of the key problems for the law enforcement system is the adaptability of responses to cyberterrorism. It is important to create a system that can change quickly and respond to threats, as criminals themselves change their tactics and actions.

The purpose of this study is to study computer terrorism, which is a product of the informatization of society and ways to counter it.

It should be noted that in the legislation of many countries, the interpretation of terrorism is very vague. In the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov, terrorism is defined as the policy and practice of terror — the intimidation of one's political opponents, expressed in physical violence up to destruction, or in the brutal intimidation of the population. Following this definition, we can single out the main feature of terrorism: force is the main vector for achieving goals. The terrorist method of influence is always panic, threats, causing death or injury to a large number of people.

Thus, in the conditions of the economic crisis, the transition period in politics, when social clashes appear, people stop assessing what is happening adequately. Growing uncertainty, fear, panic generates bitterness. These conditions allow terrorists to achieve successful agitation and force people to take to the streets, start riots. Poverty, unemployment, a sense of hopelessness and ignorance of what will happen tomorrow lead to increased distrust of the existing government. People are starting to look for ways to discredit and replace such power, perhaps even by force. That is why terrorists and extremists are becoming more active, finding support among the masses. In addition, most often terrorist acts are carried out against those persons who are the weakest. This provides one of the important goals of criminals — to cause panic in society. Intimidation is a powerful tool for communicating your will and creating the right social environment for further actions.

It is concluded that the fight against terrorism should be carried out at all levels of the state, and not only by law enforcement agencies. It is necessary to involve all state and public institutions, purposeful work to eliminate the environment favorable for the development of terrorists. To do this, all state institutions, the media and society must unite.

The purpose of this study is to study the possibilities of ensuring the security of the digital space from cyberterrorist threats.

The main feature of cybercrimes is the isolation of the criminal from the crime scene. Thus, he can be anywhere in the world, and commit a crime in another. The Internet erases boundaries and time gaps. Some scientists are of the opinion that it is possible to achieve effectiveness from international cooperation only if not individual countries, but at least all developed countries take part in it.

It is established that in order to ensure information security at the national level, it will be necessary to adopt an effective system that will make it possible to use comprehensive measures, as well as to act jointly with foreign states. The measures should be aimed at joint confrontation with terrorists. It is important that these measures allow not only to eliminate the consequences of crimes, but also to prevent them in time. This will require the systematic development and justification of methods to combat cybercrime. To protect information in cyberspace, regulation of IT networks at the state level is currently relevant. This will help to ensure high security and increase the capabilities of law enforcement agencies in the fight against cyberterrorism.

It is concluded that the Russian legislative framework regarding cybercrime is only being formed. This is due not only to the growth of cybercrime as such, but also to the fact that this phenomenon has appeared relatively recently, and the law has to make up for the difference. The social relations in which cyberspace is involved are actively developing, they are used in almost all spheres of life, which is why domestic cybercrime researchers say that accelerated development of the regulatory framework is necessary.

The purpose of this study is to study the possibilities of using artificial intelligence in the law enforcement sphere in countering terrorist threats in the global information space. Thus, artificial intelligence helps to carry out the following manipulations: identification of a citizen; confirmation of the authenticity of an Internet user, content; identification of criminal acts regarding security systems; establishing the presence of cold or firearms in a person; monitoring the location of citizens who are wanted; formulation of versions of the investigation and determination of the vector of activities for their verification; modeling of the crime picture; identification of the serial nature of several criminal acts; monitoring of computer files, access to which is restricted; determination of the primary source of information on the Internet; analysis of the collected evidence in the case; forecast of the operational situation and criminogenic situation; analysis of the actions and strategies of terrorist cells; identification of channels illegal deliveries of items withdrawn from civil circulation; creation of forecasts on illegal migration and criminal actions at the ethnic level; compilation and processing of psychological portraits of criminals; analysis of potential places of commission of illegal actions, as well as time and circumstances; analysis of witness statements and words of suspects, comparison, search for inconsistencies; monitoring of Internet traffic on the pages of suspects, tracking their online activities; decryption of codes used by criminals to conceal the content of conversations and the purposes of activities; obtaining the necessary information from mobile devices; the implementation of anti-terrorist measures in the regions with the activation of criminals conducting such activities and much more. Of course, artificial intelligence may not be able to completely replace a person in the investigation of crimes, including those related to terrorism, but it serves as an effective tool to help the investigator, helping in the investigation and reducing the burden on law enforcement agencies.

The purpose of this study is to study new ways of the emergence of terrorism and ways to counter it.

Terrorism is an attempt on the life and health of citizens, public safety, infrastructure and public authorities, the natural, information environment, important officials.

Modern terrorists are increasingly taking advantage of the Internet. Most often, recruitment is carried out through social networks, where there is an opportunity not only to transmit a huge flow of information, but also feedback from any interested user. In this case, it is quite difficult for law enforcement agencies to track the information, especially to do it quickly and on time. As a result, it is not always possible to stop illegal actions in time. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and information in the media, measures to counter terrorism are carried out regularly. In addition, the legislator is constantly refining the legal framework. For example, an extrajudicial procedure has recently been adopted to restrict access to Internet resources containing calls for mass riots, extremist activities, as well as incitement to ethnic or religious strife, participation in terrorist activities, public mass events held in violation of the established order. Despite the counteraction measures taken by the law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation, the number of terrorist crimes is constantly growing. This is due not only to the aggravated socio-economic situation and the country's foreign policy, but also to the insufficient experience of law enforcement officers, the lack of a sufficient number of special technical means.

It is concluded that the Internet helps terrorists to influence the population psychologically, for this purpose specialists are involved in the case. It is worth noting that terrorist groups often include people with certain professional skills and a good education, and a comprehensive approach is required to effectively counter terrorist activity through a worldwide network. In addition, it requires the mobilization of considerable forces of state bodies and individual citizens.

The purpose of this study was to study the attractiveness of the global information space for terrorist purposes and ways to counteract their criminal goals.

The process of developing the digital space and its integration into various areas of human activity is complicated by the spread of illegal actions in cyberspace, which can be expressed in various forms, including the most large-scale and dangerous, which include terrorism and extremism. In addition, the increased development of the virtual format of interaction causes not only the intensive development of criminal forms and subcultures, but also the promotion of illegal lifestyle, the involvement of young people in illegal actions, as well as an increase in the number of cybercrimes. In many ways, it is unrestricted access to the Internet that provides increased risks for minors, expressed in a collision with the above-mentioned dangers. During a socially unstable situation, extremist activity intensifies, such communities create new groups, including with the help of social networks, in order to maintain social tension and disseminate extremist information on a large scale. A striking example is the coronavirus pandemic, when an unstable situation was created in the world, which led to the aggravation of a number of political conflicts and an increased level of public distrust of the authorities, since the latter's restrictive actions caused a negative reaction.

All of the above points to the high need for the formation of a special environment for young people, in which they will be able to adapt to the information environment, learn to work independently in it and critically evaluate the information that is offered for study in various sources. It follows from this that information literacy for the younger generation is one of the key properties that determine the effectiveness of countering terrorist and extremist ideologies in the virtual space. In addition, educational and educational methods are important, which perform the function of prevention and reduce the risk of spreading terrorist and extremist ideas in society.

The purpose of this study is to study the possibilities of operational search forecasting in countering terrorism. The aim of terrorists and extremists is to undermine the state system, physically destroy representatives of state power, and create various crises. However, one should not always associate this type of crime with a person's belonging to a certain concession, nationality or political current. Terrorism is one of the most important threats to national security, so it is important to organize a competent fight against it. This criminal phenomenon is widespread all over the world, its popularity is associated not only with the increased level of violence everywhere, but also with the emergence of ideologies that cultivate such methods of combating political and religious opponents to the masses. Terrorists resort to various methods of pressure on opponents, it can be physical and psychological violence, demoralization of victims, the desire to cause the greatest damage when committing crimes, which are often accompanied by special sophistication and sadism. To counter terrorism and extremism, departmental regulatory legal acts are provided that regulate the actions of the security forces, indicate which public and secret measures are required, and help solve the tasks assigned to law enforcement officers related to prevention, counteraction and disclosure of crimes. Work with young people plays an important role. This can be pedagogical, as well as legal education, educational work. In general, the proposed approaches help not only to prevent recruitment, but also to identify young people who have already joined extremist or terrorist organizations or are plotting to commit crimes of the category in question. In order to prevent and prevent the implementation of these acts, a set of measures are being carried out aimed at neutralizing or eliminating the conditions and causes that influence the decision of young people to join an extremist or terrorist organization.

The purpose of this study is to study the sources of threats to the national security of the state from computer criminals. The objects of their encroachment are big data, which stores users' personal information, corporate and government information. In addition, there may always be situations within economic relations, political and social processes that attract criminals and force them to be active.

The objectives of the study are to develop proposals to reduce threats to the national security of the state and to ensure the protection of big data. The encroachment of criminals on big data is carried out to destabilize the work of state authorities, to disorganize the work of information systems. These actions can pose a physical threat to people's lives, create a threat of death, financial losses. Criminals can use the technique to violate public safety, put pressure on public authorities, create a stir and panic among the population.

It has been established that the main methods of combating criminals include the development of an appropriate legislative framework and the creation of authorized bodies that will investigate such crimes. The legislator has already adopted several documents setting priorities, goals and objectives of combating crimes in the field of big data. Despite the work done, the laws governing relations in the virtual space are still at the initial level of development. It is necessary to adapt to the reality in which the growth of technology generates new types of crime.

It is concluded that it will be necessary to solve a number of problems, only then it will be possible to stop the actions of criminals effectively. Today, the problems lie in the fact that many areas, even within the country, are in poor contact with each other. For example, banking and other financial organizations, mobile operators cooperate extremely poorly with law enforcement agencies. There is no common information exchange system. Due to this, criminals can hide the traces of crimes and hide themselves.

In this study we will look at organized international crime from the economic perspective. The various origins of international organized crime and the problems of countering them, including the most dangerous criminal activities of domestic transnational criminal groups.

The purpose of this study was to study the ways of using digital currency in illegal activities and measures aimed at regulating their use.

The problem of classifying crimes with the use of cryptocurrencies suggests that it is necessary to develop new legal acts that would establish criminal liability for any use of cryptocurrencies. Such a currency is attractive to criminals because its movement is almost impossible to track. The fact is that transactions are carried out without the use of banks and anonymously. In the future, criminals have the opportunity to cash out money in those countries of the world that allow this to be done. Cryptocurrency moves without problems, bypassing the borders of the state.

After analyzing the issues of latency of the listed criminal acts, it was found that criminals use digital technologies and use cryptocurrencies, which allows them to operate in the strictest secrecy and maintain their anonymity. Independent experts claim that the latency of such crimes is at least 90%. This is partly due to the imperfection of modern legislation, there are simply no methodological materials to train law enforcement officers in the fight against this modern phenomenon.

It is concluded that the attitude to cryptocurrencies in different countries is different. However, the legal regulation of this issue in many countries is absent or poorly developed, there are also no international legal norms. All this together contributes to the growth of crime, especially its types such as the legalization of proceeds from crime, drug trafficking, fraud, financing of prohibited organizations, such as terrorist ones. For the Russian legal field, this issue is also complex and critically important. A number of legislative acts have already been adopted, but this is not enough to create a full-fledged system for regulating the use of cryptocurrencies or completely prohibiting their use.

The purpose of this study is to study the state of cybercrime in the digital society and ways to improve the effectiveness of countering these crimes.

In the fight against cybercrime, as well as in the investigation of such acts, there is a problem that has a direct connection with the subject of illegal activity. In society, it is designated as hacking, but not everyone understands the meaning of this term and the essence of the activity of hackers. So, in one of the dictionaries, a hacker is called a person who performs illegal manipulations of various kinds in the field of computer science, and the very activity of this kind forms the composition of criminal and administrative offenses. Cybercriminals actively use the technical imperfection of the equipment to open access to individual computers and obtain confidential information. It is advisable to pay attention to the described problem in countries with developing economies, since they do not have a well-developed system for combating cybercrime as such.

It is concluded that there is a need for the formation of a secure cyberspace. Data exchange should be carried out at the highest possible speeds, while taking into account the volume of traffic. An intensively developing structure for the interaction of organizations and law enforcement agencies should provide for the work of participants at the international level. Implementation of a comprehensive cyberspace security program. At the same time, it should not only devote itself to the subtleties of combating cybercrime, but also teach how to prevent such acts. For a productive fight against cybercrime, it is necessary to have appropriate high-power computing equipment. A platform with a high level of optimization risks not seeing the light at all if legislators do not realize the importance of its development and practical application. Among other things, it is necessary to expand the existing standards and working protocols within the framework of public discussion of the topic under consideration.

The timely improvement of sectoral legislation in order to promptly respond to the spread of illegal behavior of a specific direction is of paramount importance. In this regard, the development of administrative and criminal liability is of particular relevance, because these norms are designed not only to determine the amount of negative consequences for violators, but also have a significant preventive and preventive potential. In the context of external sanctions pressure at the present time, the introduction of a separate administrative and legal norm regulating responsibility for calls for the introduction of restrictive measures against the Russian Federation, its citizens and legal entities is of the utmost practical importance. The purpose of the presented study is to analyze the existing problems of improving administrative legislation for calls for the introduction of restrictive measures against the Russian Federation. The authors come to the conclusion that the introduction of administrative liability for calls for the introduction of restrictive measures against the Russian state, its citizens and legal entities seems to be a significant method of combating the numerous flow of fake information, which poses a significant threat to the development of the Russian Federation at the present time. Attention is focused on the existing problems of application of Art. 20.3.4 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, author's proposals are formulated for their solution in terms of improving administrative legislation and law enforcement practice.

The spread of the ideology of extremism and terrorism in Russian society poses significant threats to the stable development of the state. This problem is especially exacerbated in modern realities. The Russian Federation is faced with a number of new national security problems, ranging from the aggravation of the geopolitical conflict with Ukraine and the conduct of a special military operation in the Donbass, and ending with sanctions pressure from foreign countries. The anti-Russian propaganda currently being carried out contributes to the large-scale dissemination of extremist and terrorist ideas and views, which raises questions about the effectiveness of the measures taken to combat the above-mentioned illegal phenomena. In this context, the involvement of civil society in these activities is of particular interest. The purpose of the presented study is to analyze the existing practice of interaction between civil society and law enforcement agencies in the paradigm of combating extremism and terrorism. The author comes to the conclusion that many forms and methods of interaction between civil society and law enforcement agencies are currently used, but their potential is not fully used. Attention is focused on the differences in territorial involvement in these activities. The necessity of adopting a single strategic document at the federal level is noted, which should define the main forms and methods of interaction between civil society and law enforcement agencies on combating extremism and terrorism in order to unify existing practical approaches.

The development of modern international relations influences the improvement of illegal practices. Of particular importance in this context is the spread of extremist and terrorist manifestations.

For the Russian state, it is currently relevant to consider the process of development of extremism and terrorism in the context of the aggravation of the geopolitical conflict with Ukraine and the conduct of a special military operation in the Donbass. These processes are a natural result of long tense interstate relations. Given the fact that in recent years the number of extremist crimes has significantly increased and quite a lot of terrorist acts have been prevented, questions arise about the effectiveness of modern mechanisms for combating extremism and terrorism in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the current issues of combating extremism and terrorism in the Russian Federation, taking into account modern international and domestic political realities. The authors come to the conclusion that despite the close attention to the issues of anti-extremist and counter-terrorism activities in the Russian Federation, the above-mentioned functioning of the competent state authorities and civil society institutions does not always take into account current trends in the development of relevant illegal ideas and views in modern geopolitical realities, and also the possibility of the impact of anti-Russian propaganda, which is currently carried out by many foreign countries, including as part of external sanctions pressure. Attention is focused on individual factors contributing to the development of extremist and terrorist behavior on the territory of the Russian state. The need to improve preventive and preventive activities of anti-extremist and counter-terrorism orientation in terms of organizing its outstripping influence on the consciousness of the population in the context of international and domestic processes currently taking place is noted.