卷 13, 编号 5 (2020)

in article the Report of the Head Prison Department of the Russian Empire for 1910 state-of-the-art reviews, references, materials of boards of FSIN of Russia (about the organization of the mode and supervision in pre-trial detention centers and prisons, about a condition of the mode and supervision in IK, LIU, MPI of penal correction system), instructions of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation of 2010 are analyzed. A comparative legal analysis is carried out of the results of the activities of the Main Prison Administration of the Russian Empire and the entire Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia for 1910 and 2010, as well as promising measures for subsequent years. As a result of an analytical study of certain areas of activity of prison systems, specific knowledge was obtained about problems and ways to solve them in 1910 and 2010.

The purpose of the article is to study the features of the personnel of the police bodies and institutions of the Russian Empire in the XVIII century, as well as the specifics of public opinion and evaluation of the activities of the police and police officers in this period of time. On the basis of a systematic historical and legal analysis, an objective assessment of the activities of police bodies and institutions in Russia of the XVIII century is given, and the reasons for negative judgments about the police and police officers formed in the public consciousness are revealed. The author shows that the negative perception of police activity by the population is a consequence of the process of centralization of state power within the framework of the formation of absolutism. This process inevitably generated an aggravation of social contradictions and a powerful social protest of the General population, as well as criticism from the representatives of the nobility.

This article analyzes the formation of the concept of factual systems in law, as well as their meaning in the process of lawmaking and law enforcement. The prerequisites for the systemic representation of legal facts within the framework of large «sections» of public life are investigated. It is concluded that the theory of factual systems is an integral part of the doctrine of legal facts. The development of this theory plays an important role in lawmaking, allowing you to streamline legal norms. This, in turn, will facilitate the process of legal qualification, which is important in the process of implementing regulatory guidelines.

The authors in the article consider the reign of Catherine II, her transformation in the field of state and law, as one of the most important historical periods for the Russian Empire. The article analyzed the decrees of the empress, as well as the textbooks of a large number of historians. The purpose of the work was to study the period of the reign of Catherine II and to structure the transformations carried out by the empress during the reign, to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the empress. A comparative analysis of the period of the reign of Catherine II and her wife Peter III provides an opportunity to trace how the Russian Empire changed during the reign of Catherine the Great. The authors share the transformation of Ekaterina Alekseevna into reforms carried out in the field of state government and reforms carried out in the field of law. After the analysis, the authors of the article draw a parallel between the strengths and weaknesses of Catherine the Great by presenting the changes that have occurred during this period. An analysis of the statements and opinions of historians and contemporaries about Catherine the Great gives the full image of the empress, complementing the unexplored sides. The authors have concluded the significance of the reign of Catherine II for the history of state and law. The reign of Catherine the Great is rightfully recognized as one of the happiest times of the Russian Empire. Catherine makes a breakthrough in the field of education, issues of law under Catherine distinguish the role of the nobility in the Russian Empire, the term favoritism is introduced. The material presented in the work is a continuation of a series of articles by the authors aimed at filling historical knowledge, enriched with new facts and research approaches.

The electoral process in the Russian Federation is one of the most dynamically developing spheres of life of the state. This is due to the fact that the institution of elections is very important for a modern democratic society. Taking into account the active informatization and digitalization of modern Russian society and the state, the activities of the mass media are of significant importance now. They simultaneously perform several functions in the Russian electoral process, and at present there is an urgent need for a comprehensive and complete regulation of the organizational and legal features of their activities. Over the past ten years, television channels and television programs have played an important role in the election campaign process. The purpose of this work is to analyze the participation of the media in the Russian electoral process. The authors come to the conclusion that at present the mass media perform a number of functions that are of particular importance for the institution of elections in Russia. Legal gaps are highlighted in relation to differences in the content of the concept of "mass media", which is used in the legislation of the Russian Federation, in connection with which the author's proposals are formulated to improve the current electoral legislation.

The article is devoted to determining the place of the inheritance аund in the system of organizational and legal forms of legal entities. The legislator categorically attributed the inheritance fund to non-profit unitary organizations, in particular, to the fund. The features of the traditional fund analyzed in the article in relation to the inheritance fund allowed us to formulate a conclusion that does not allow us to fully attribute the inheritance fund to legal entities created in the organizational and legal form of the fund. The only generalizing feature-the absence of membership - cannot be considered as a sufficient reason for attributing the inheritance fund to this form of legal entities. The inheritance fund should occupy a separate place in the system of legal entities. The current structure of the inheritance fund is generally acceptable for unitary organizations in which there are no rights of participation. However, the inheritance fund should be classified as a non-profit organization.

The purpose of the work is to formulate proposals aimed at optimizing labor relations. As a result of the study, it is noted that the principles that form the basis of labor legal relations are effective regulators in the context of digitalization. Based on the analysis of the emerging legal regulation and practice of using new information technologies in the field of labor legal relations, the author identifies a number of trends: the intensification of the use of IT technologies in the implementation of labor relations; modernization of legal regulation in the field of organization of labor relations, corporate governance and electronic document flow between participants in labor relations; improving guarantees and mechanisms for protecting the rights of workers. The author highlight a number of important elements in the formation of an optimal model of labor legal relations in the Russian digital society, drawing attention to the fact that it is unacceptable to worsen the working conditions of employees in the course of remote work, the importance of increasing the level of labor safety; it is necessary to provide high-quality provision of effective state protection of workers' rights in the context of an intensively developing information society and support the development of electronic literacy of workers, remove obstacles and create the right incentives for the development of human capital; the formation of universal principles for the implementation of the strategy for the development of labor relations and the implementation of coordinated actions to create the safe use of IT technologies in the implementation of labor activities is significant, and also the development of the concept of social partnership should be intensified. At the same time, emphasizing the importance of transforming the legal regimes of working hours, labor protection, rest, guarantees and compensation for workers in creating an optimal Russian model of labor legal relations in a digital society.

This article examines the features of the use of land plots from the forest fund lands. The concepts of «land plot from the forest fund lands» and «forest plot» are compared, the dependence of the types of permitted use of land plots from the forest fund lands from the types of forest use carried out on such land plots is determined. The correlation between the principle of multipurpose use of forests and the possibility of implementing various types of permitted use of a land plot by several users on one land plot from the forest fund lands has been carried out.

The purpose of writing research work. This scientific article aims to identify the signs of isolated complex crimes, allowing them to distinguish from multiple crimes, to develop proposals to improve the criminal law in terms of the issues under study. Findings from the study. In the case of multiple crimes, each of the acts is subject to qualification under a separate article of the criminal law (a separate part of the article). The criminal law provides for two main types of multiple crimes - the totality of crimes and recidivism of crimes, as well as several of their subspecies. For the correct qualification, multiple crimes should be distinguished from single crimes, which recognize socially dangerous acts containing the composition of one crime. Individual crimes can be simple and complex. The latter have similarities with multiple crimes. Although there are a number of rules in criminal law that provide for ongoing and continuing crimes, there are no legislative definitions of their concepts. The paper formulated a proposal to supplement chapter 3 «The concept of crime and types of crimes» of the Criminal code with norms containing definitions of the concepts of a single simple crime, a single complex crime, a continuing crime, a composite crime, crimes with alternative actions. It is also proposed to supplement chapter 10 «Sentencing» of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation with the rules that if a person has been convicted of a continuing or ongoing crime, and then the person continued to commit it after the sentencing, on which he was convicted, but has not yet served a sentence, then in the conviction for a for-ongoing or continued crime and the second sentence, the court must impose less stringent criminal sentencing, than is provided for multiple crimes.

Research objective. The present study aims at identifying and reviewing the problems of legislation, theory and practice that arose in connection with the introduction in 2013 of Article 2053 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the subsequent application of this criminal provision. This Article considers the formulation of reasoned proposals for improving criminal legislation in the counter-terrorism field and related law enforcement activities. Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, the author came to the conclusion that the requirement of legal certainty of criminal prohibitions as well as systemic linkages with other articles of Chapter 24 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on responsibility for crimes of terrorist nature as well as with the provisions of the General Part of this Code governing preliminary conspiracy and complicity in a crime, were not fully accommodated when supplementing the criminal law with this provision. The author formulated specific proposals and recommendations in order to resolve a number of problems encountered in this field.

The article analyzes the corpus delicti under Art. 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. This norm establishes liability for abuse of office. According to statistical data, the share of such crimes in the general system of crimes is small, but the importance of considering the problems of qualifying such acts is great. The author pays special attention in the article to the consideration of the qualifying sign of abuse of office - grave consequences. It should be noted that the criteria for determining "grave consequences" have not yet received proper unification by the legislator. In addition to the fact that abuse of office is in itself a very serious crime, the grave consequences that can occur when such illegal acts are committed can increase the harm several times. The author notes that the abuse of office is generally similar to other crimes, in connection with which the article analyzes the general and distinctive features of related offenses, in particular Art. 201, 286, 293 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. A conclusion is drawn about the need for a careful approach of law enforcement officers to the analysis of objective and subjective signs of an act being committed for the correct qualification of actions (inaction) that encroach on state power or the interests of state or municipal service.

The existing Russian criminal legislation is currently developing rapidly, which can be characterized by two opposite trends. The first trend is directly related to the humanization of legal prescriptions: at present, new criminal law enforcement measures are being introduced for crimes that pose an insignificant public danger. At the same time, in the Russian criminal legislation and law enforcement practice, there is a significant increase in criminal responsibility for committing certain crimes, for example, crimes of terrorist and extremist nature, etc. One of the main ways to liberalize the current Russian criminal policy is to expand the spheres in which the use of alternative measures to imprisonment is allowed. These measures, as a rule, have the goal of protecting the interests of not only the offender, but also generally have a positive effect on the development of society, since the effectiveness of punitive criminal legal measures does not always contribute to the achievement of the goals of applying criminal punishment. This impact is especially doubtful in cases when it comes to criminal acts that do not pose a significant social danger. In this context, the development of the institution of suspended sentence in Russian legislation and law enforcement practice is of interest. The purpose of this work is to identify current problems in the application of suspended sentence under Russian law. The author comes to the conclusion that there are a number of law enforcement problems that affect the effectiveness of the use of suspended sentence. Special attention is paid to the problem of recidivism in case of suspended sentence and the issues of evasion of compensation by convicts for harm caused as a result of the commission of a crime.

The article proves the connection between the social environment and the identity of terrorists, its influence on methods of combating terrorism and crimes of a terrorist nature. As a result of the study, the authors offer a multivariable mechanism for developing an effective strategy and tactics, which consists of taking into account the components of the “terrorist experience”, criminal motivation, and well-established stereotypes of the social environment of terrorists. The authors conclude that the commission of terrorist crimes is determined by the relevant causes and conditions existing in society as a whole and in the system of relations that arise directly in the part of being related to terrorism. According to the authors, when studying the problem of terrorism, it is important to consider, along with the motivation, personality and environment of the terrorist, the methods of committing a terrorist crime, the criminological determination of the connection between the social environment of terrorists and the identity of terrorists. The authors believe that the identity of the terrorist and his social environment should be evaluated from the point of view of an inseparable whole, which is especially important when analyzing terrorist activities and developing effective solutions in the fight against terrorism.

In this article, the author conducted a study in the field of criminal law concerning the intentional destruction or damage of other people's property, and proposed specific measures to improve the legislation in this area, allowing to achieve a significant reduction in the number of crimes not only at the regional level, but also in the country as a whole. The author also suggests a specific set of preventive measures that can be used by law enforcement officers in the future.

The article deals with the issues and conditionality of the causes and conditions of committing suicide and leading to suicide from the point of view of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation. The articles in the Criminal code of the Russian Federation related to the provision of criminal legal protection of human life are analyzed in detail. Statistical indicators on the current state of suicides in the world and in Russia are illustrated. The problems of qualification of current norms in the criminal law are considered and measures aimed at preventing both suicides and suicides are proposed.

Introduction. The author notes that at present the criminal provisions of the Russian legislation, attributed to the sphere of religious security, an integrated system that would ensure the effective protection of society, are not, which is the main problem field of this study. Purpose. This situation has led to the formulation of the key objectives of the proposed study, which is in the formulation, based on the author's understanding of the nature and hierarchy of threats, born in the religious sphere, the approach to the construction of the criminal law and criminology means of ensuring religious security. Methodology. The research methodology includes a set of the following methods: dialectical method as General scientific method, as well as formal legal method, method of legal modeling and some others private scientific methods. The dialectical method revealed the need to develop the author's approach to building a system of criminal and criminological means of ensuring religious security, which is due to the socio-political changes that have occurred in Russian society at the current stage of its development. The method of legal modeling allowed us to formulate proposals for improving Russian legislation in relation to the topic of this study. In addition, in the process of gathering empirical material, the method of non-standardized survey conducted among employees of internal Affairs agencies and other law enforcement agencies was used. Results. The author concluded that in order to effectively build a system of criminal and criminological means of ensuring religious security in Russia, it is necessary for legislators and law enforcement officials to have a deep understanding of the essence and hierarchy of threats that exist in the religious space of society. Today, it is necessary to legally qualify social dangerous manifestations of destructive religious associations as actions of religious-extremist orientation. That is why the legal concept of religious extremism needs to be corrected as soon as possible. Attributing socially dangerous manifestations of destructive religious associations to religious extremism by the state would have a significant criminological potential, since, in particular, it would make it possible to justify the need to ensure the implementation of a serious and systematic preventive impact on destructive religious associations. The authors note that today a number of religious offenses, in particular, ritual human sacrifices, while remaining outside the field of state ideas about religious extremism, nevertheless pose an increased level of threat to society and are committed for motives arising in the religious sphere. However, such motives remain outside the field of due attention of the legislator in terms of differentiation of criminal liability. Conclusion. The author emphasizes that without understanding the essence and hierarchy of threats arising in the religious sphere by lawmakers and law enforcement agencies, building a system of criminal and criminological means to ensure religious security in Russia is an almost insoluble problem.

Purpose: based on the analysis of the development of the Russian branch of criminal law, which provides for the study of successive main legal sources, to study the Genesis of criminal law methods of compensation for damage from crime, as well as the dynamics of the state's attitude to the problem of compensation for damage from crime based on the analysis of Russian legislation, As a result of the research, the author substantiates the following conclusions: criminal law remedies for damages from a crime have always been present in the text of criminal legislation, and their modification has largely determined and at the same time determined the dynamics of the fundamental principles of criminal law regulation. Having emerged as an alternative to revenge, penalties from the guilty person for damages gradually developed into an extensive system of measures based on the idea of extracting benefits from the criminal's property or his personality. As the approval of the public began industry regulation, the purpose of such measures and their place in the system of law is substantially transformed from the priority funds for the private satisfaction of the victim and complementary remuneration of state through a parallel system of public punishment and private measures of reparation in criminal law - to the exclusive right of the state to obtain satisfaction from the offender with the assumption of some derogations in favour of the victim.

This article presents the results of a study of the public danger of crimes committed in the field of real estate. The analysis of the nature and degree of public danger of these crimes. Criteria of insignificance of an action are considered, taking into account public danger. The necessity of developing effective criminal law and criminological measures for the prevention of crimes in the field of real estate is substantiated.

The purpose of the research. The article is dedicated to some essential points of the forensic provision of evidence in the investigation of criminal cases committed by minors. Article analyzes main components of proof especially in the investigation of crimes committed by minors. Results. The process of proving has its own characteristics when investigating crimes committed by minors. One of the main tasks facing the investigator in the process of proving, in the production of this category of criminal cases, is to establish the truth in the memory and consciousness of a minor accused, victim, witness or other participants in the crime that happened in the past, the traces left on the subject of the crime and other things. It is important that in the process of collecting, checking and evaluating evidence, the investigator takes into account the peculiarities of the criminal procedure and forensic support of the investigation of criminal cases against minors. When examining the age of a minor, it is necessary to establish the level of his physical, intellectual and mental development. It is necessary to study the state of his health, whether he has previously suffered a serious illness, his mental state, the state of perception of events, for this it is necessary to collect the relevant documents. The investigator should take into account that among the juveniles who have committed a crime, persons with mental abnormalities are also identified. A number of mental disorders are associated with the commission of a crime.

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of euthanasia and the human right to death in the context of international legal acts. The author also analyzes the legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights in order to identify approaches to the definition of “euthanasia” and the criteria that underlie the decision on the admissibility or inadmissibility of the use of euthanasia in each case. In particular, the article deals with situations when a patient is disconnected from the devices of the artificial life support system and has assisted suicide through the help of a doctor or relative. The author’s attention also focuses on the issue of the permissibility of patenting modern devices that have found application in the field of euthanasia from the standpoint of international law. In the study, such methods of scientific knowledge were used as general scientific dialectic, formal legal and comparative legal methods. At the same time, the author proceeds from the subjectively objective presetting of processes and phenomena, and their interconnection. The novelty of this study is determined by its very purpose, subject and range of sources considered. In this format, the author concludes that the human rights system formed by the considered international acts imposes obligations on the affiliated countries to guarantee the “right to life”, which creates obstacles for both legalizing the euthanasia procedure and spreading the patent legal regime on technology in this area. The author also established that the state’s obligation to protect the right to life should be correlated with the individual right to autonomy of the patient.

Terrorist activity in the modern world is one of the pressing problems that hinders the development of civilization and is a serious catastrophic factor in human society. Terrorism is one of the most dangerous criminal acts, which is characterized by the complexity of forecasting, the rapid spread of a variety of forms of terrorist behavior and the threatening scale of this illegal activity. At present, the problem of terrorism is especially urgent due to the aggravation of political, economic and social contradictions. One can observe how the level of terrorist manifestations of extremist-minded groups is growing, the nature of terrorist activities is becoming more and more complex, the anti-humanity and sophistication of terrorist acts are increasing. The fight against terrorism in the world and in the Russian state is becoming one of the priority areas of policy, representing an important element in ensuring national and international security. In this regard, for Russia, the problem of combating terrorism has become quite relevant in recent years both from the domestic political and foreign policy points of view. The purpose of writing a research paper is to analyze the current criminal law regulation of the fight against terrorism in Russia, identify existing problems and determine the main ways to solve them. The author comes to the conclusion that there are a number of gaps and shortcomings in the current Russian criminal legislation regarding the regulation of liability for committing certain terrorist crimes and formulates proposals for amending the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

The article analyzes modern technologies that allow obtaining digital evidence. Trends in the prevalence and complexity of digital evidence, the acquisition of knowledge that allow extracting relevant data from these devices in the process of investigating crimes, are noted. The author proposes to develop an organizational culture in law enforcement agencies that supports a conscious, defensive position against cyber threats, to actively conduct cyber training that emphasizes the basics of cyber hygiene and best practices in the collection and preservation of digital evidence.

The aim of the work is to deal with the current state of the problem of cybersecurity of healthcare institutions in the context of the widespread introduction of information and telecommunication technologies in medical practice. It has been shown that medical institutions are very vulnerable to cyber attacks, which have already become a reality today. The forensic signs of crimes committed through cyber attacks on health care institutions have been investigated; a prognostic model of the forensic characteristics of the corresponding crimes has been developed. Taking into account the experience gained in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, an opinion was expressed on the advisability of developing legal acts related to countering cyber attacks on medical institutions in special situations (in an emergency, in a situation of high alert). A complex of systemic, multilevel preventive measures to ensure the cybersecurity of medical institutions is presented. It has been substantiated that until a serious restructuring of the entire work in the field of information security in the healthcare sector and the creation of appropriate guarantees, it is unacceptable to adopt any legal acts that promote access to medical data and potentially create a risk of their unauthorized use.

In the socio-economic development of the country, there are a number of negative factors, a significant place among which is occupied by crime. The share of mercenary crimes, including forgery of documents, continues to grow steadily. The authors of the article argue that practical activities to combat crime are scientifically justified and should use both the provisions of the legal Sciences and the achievements of natural and technical ones. The Arsenal of scientific and technical means and methods used in the production of various studies should be constantly enriched with new devices and equipment. The possibilities of forensic research of documents should be constantly expanded. The use of computer technology in combination with the latest technical tools and methods expands the range of forensic studies of documents, makes this process less time-consuming, more reliable and accessible, increasing the degree of reliability of research.

The activity of administering justice is an activity of great political and social importance, with which people have pinned the hope of justice for several thousand years. In the modern world, justice is also of great importance for the state, society and person, which necessitates the criminal legal protection of justice from abuse and crime. The activities of administering justice in our country are protected by a whole system of criminal law provisions provided for in Chapter 31 «Crimes against Justice» of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. A special place in the crimes of this group is occupied by crimes related to falsification of evidence. A study of foreign criminal law has also shown that legislators in all countries, as a rule, criminalize misconduct with evidence. In this work, it is substantiated that crimes related to falsification of evidence should be considered as a single object of criminalistic research due to the presence of common criminalistic characteristics. As a result of such a comprehensive study, it is possible to use a common toolkit developed by science and practice in order to collect, verify and evaluate criminally significant information. The article formulates the definition of forensic support for the investigation of crimes related to falsification of evidence. Measures are proposed to prevent crimes related to falsification of evidence.

Currently, the introduction of electronic customs innovations is becoming the main item on the agenda of the Eurasian Economic Commission. In this regard, the most important task of optimizing customs and administrative technologies is to simplify the procedure for moving goods across the customs border of the EAEU. The customs administration must be brought in line with international standards and best practices, which is facilitated by the development of an electronic declaration system. Electronic declaration is a progressive way of declaring information about goods and vehicles using special information systems. For more than six years in the activities of the customs authorities, the declaration of goods transported across the customs border of the EAEU is mandatory in electronic form. The undoubted advantage of electronic declaration today is the simplification of customs formalities, a reduction in the time for the release of goods, the absence of corruption risks, since the interaction between the subjects is carried out in absentia through remote technologies. Based on the analysis of the electronic declaration system in the EAEU member states, the authors formulate a number of problematic aspects of the application of this system. It is noted that electronic customs are not able to become a universal solution to the problems highlighted in the article, they are the specificity of the Russian customs authorities, due to the size of the territory of the Russian Federation and the uneven distribution of participants in foreign economic activity. Only the use of modern information and communication technologies can guarantee effective customs administration.

The Fight against terrorist crimes is a key direction of the state's international and national policy. Terrorism in all its manifestations and forms has been repeatedly recognized as a key threat to the peace and security of mankind, a determinant of instability, and a major factor that suspends the progressive development of the entire human community. In most developed countries, the effectiveness of the fight against terrorism is one of the highest priorities of state policy. The aim of this research is the need for the doctrinal justification of the foundations of criminal liability and application to face punishment for an act of international terrorism, as legislation under Chapter 34 "Crimes against peace and security of mankind", as well as development of recommendations for the correct application of article 361 of the criminal code of the Russian Federation in the activities of law enforcement and the courts. In art. 361 of the criminal code of the Russian Federation according to the authors, the issues of the definition of an act of international terrorism, as well as the place and purpose of the Commission of this criminal act are very controversial. There is a need to eliminate obvious legislative shortcomings in the current version of article 361 of the criminal code of the Russian Federation, which reduces the possibility of correct and effective application of this article. The authors conducted a study in the legislative structure of the crime under article 361 of the criminal code of the Russian Federation (act of international terrorism). This generally dangerous action frightens the population, threatens the life, health, and safety of citizens, is directed against the interests of citizens, and is aimed at harming the peace and security of mankind. Specific measures are proposed to improve legislation and tighten responsibility for committing an act of international terrorism.

The main form of preliminary investigation is an inquiry, which is a starting point for differentiating the choice of forms of preliminary investigation. Evidence of this statement is the official statistics of the number of crimes of investigation, which is carried out both in the complicated form of General inquiry, and in the simplified form-abbreviated inquiry. The vesting of the inquirer procedural autonomy is an important condition for the implementation of its functions, one of the main factors of legality, validity judgments produced by proceedings under the criminal procedure law he is given the opportunity to act independently, at its discretion, to make reasonable findings and conclusions. The investigator, within the framework of his procedural independence, can plan an independent investigation, choose tactics, effective and appropriate methods of investigation aimed at full, rapid disclosure and investigation of criminal acts. The main purpose of this study is to improve the legal framework on which the investigator bases his activities, develop proposals and recommendations to ensure independence in the production of various procedural measures of preliminary investigation.

Organized crime, as shown by the criminological situation of recent years, occupies a leading position in criminal activity and is a serious threat to the normal functioning of the state and society. This type of crime in Russia occupies a special level, because crimes committed by an organized group are characterized by a high level of organization and represent an activity that has brought together a significant number of people who are professionally trained and well-armed. Organized crime in Russia is characterized by professionalism, a tendency to consolidate, its members penetrate into legal business areas, establish contacts with officials in various government structures, and constantly improve their organizational forms. The main purpose of this research is to conduct a comparative analysis of criminal law problems of such forms of complicity as criminal Association and gang, and the authors have developed recommendations for improving the criminal legislation of articles 209 and 210 of the criminal code of the Russian Federation. In the article, the authors reveal the problems of qualification of crimes under articles 209 and 210 of the criminal code of the Russian Federation. The study is devoted to the study of the qualifying circumstances of these articles, as well as signs that distinguish these two elements of the crime from each other. According to the practice materials, it is difficult for law enforcement officers to distinguish these compositions and classify a criminal act according to the articles. In this regard, this topic is relevant and the authors have proposed specific measures to improve the legislation.

The increase in the needs of the world's population for material goods inevitably leads to an increase in production in many industrial areas, which leads to an increase in the risk to human life and health when they carry out their work. This problem mainly affects such areas of human activity as electric power, mining, and construction. Recently, the problem of ensuring safety in the implementation of industrial activities has focused the attention of the Russian state and society. This is due to man-made disasters that lead to serious consequences, including loss of life. The purpose of this work is to conduct a criminal law analysis of compliance with special safety rules when operating at special facilities, as well as to make recommendations for improving criminal law legislation. In order to improve the norms of criminal law relating to security in the implementation of activities at special facilities, we propose to introduce some amendments to the criminal law and set out article 215 of the criminal code in the following wording: Violations of safety rules at nuclear power facilities: 1. Violation of safety rules at nuclear energy use facilities that caused serious harm to health, major damage, radioactive contamination of the environment or other serious consequences due to negligence… 2. The same acts which entailed by negligence the death of a person.

Legal statehood and a developed civil society presuppose not only the formulation of relevant ideas at the doctrinal and normative levels, but also their implementation in everyday life. Ideas are realized only if necessary and effective systems are created in the minds of citizens and their associations that allow everyone to fully ensure and protect their legal rights, interests and responsibilities. If they are available, the citizen not only possesses information about the above-mentioned legal status, but also fully implements the element, there are own legal goals. The article is devoted to the analysis of legal knowledge as a means of legal self-protection. The purpose of the research is to characterize legal knowledge as a part of information, determine its structure, use theoretical and practical legal knowledge in the context of the problems of assessing and increasing the level of legal literacy of Russians. Results. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that legal knowledge is an element of the mechanism of social and legal interaction. They are the foundation of legal self-help, an important and primary tool. The author draws attention to the fact that high-quality legal knowledge is formed, first of all, in the course of legal training. They can be of a purely theoretical or applied nature, they are divided into general (basic) and special (industry-specific). The main place in the system of legal knowledge is given to the knowledge of constitutional norms and the test of the Constitution itself. The emphasis is made on the need to adjust the forms of legal education to increase the level of legal literacy of Russians, their human rights activity, which is especially important in the context of digitalization of law.

The article examines the potential of innovative processes for antiterrorist activities, which depend on the innovation activity, the relationship of all the institutions of the political system, the entire Russian society, and the legal, human, organizational, informational and financial conditions that ensure the implementation of innovation.

The article examines the problem of determining the object of a crime against the order of military service. An attempt is made to reveal the meaning, place, and role of the object of criminal law protection in determining the object of the crime. Based on the results of the analysis of the current legislation and the opinions of famous scientists, the statement is substantiated that the general object of crimes against military service is the military security of the state. The results of the study substantiate the fictitiousness of the object of criminal-legal protection of some norms of the current military-criminal legislation, which excludes the presence of the object of a crime. The ongoing changes in the legal framework for ensuring the military security of the state are making adjustments to the number and content of objects of criminal law protection of military relations, which necessitate the establishment of modern criteria for determining the objects of crimes against military service and assessing other elements of their composition.